[NatureNS] cocoons

From: "Jean Timpa" <jtimpa@ns.sympatico.ca>
To: naturens@chebucto.ns.ca
Date: Sat, 21 Apr 2007 09:08:20 -0300
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	Dave, if you found a hairy featureless creature inside, that is the 
second or inner cocoon. The real creature to become a moth is inside that 
and does have features of the possible moth, ie. you can see the antennae 
and the small wings which have to be pumped up with fluids. It would be 
better not to cut into that cocoon, as it is protection from germs as well as 
enemies that would like to eat it. If you keep it in the house now it will come 
out soon, and there will be no leaves for it to lay its eggs on or another 
mate out there even. Keep it protected outside in a cool, non sunny spot in 
a largish container into which you can place a stick. It needs to be able to 
crawl up on it and hang upside down for about an hour undisturbed while it 
pumps up its wings and then dries them out to a rigid form so they can fly 
properly.  So it needs a lot of free space for the large wings to be. As you 
say it is a tan colour, it is most likely a Polyphemus Moth. It definitely is not 
one of the Sphrinidae, the sphinx moths, as they do not have the ability to 
spin cocoons; very little silk production except for buttons when they 
change an instar stage as a caterpillar. Instead they protect themselves by 
buring themselves in loose soil in the fall, so one rarely sees one unless 
you happen to dig one up in your garden unharmed by the shovel or 
spading fork, or capture a large, mature hornworm caterpillar in the late 
summer/fall and put it into a jar of loose, slightly moistened soil. Within 
minutes, if not seconds, usually they will bury right down in it. Unfortunately 
they do not change from a caterpillar to a pupa next to the glass, as they 
seek the dark. But if you cannot stand the suspense, after a few days you 
can dump the soil out of the jar and find the pupa. Whether you can put it 
back in the jar with the soil successfully, I do not know. It may need that air 
space which it made getting into the soil, even though it fills in a bit for its 
own air supply and moisture. When trying to raise such creatures through 
people often do not give them enough humidity, so they dry out before they 
can emerge. Alone in nature they face plenty of rain and snow and ice. It 
actually helps to run water over them once a week (non chlorinated, 
please!!) or keep the soil a bit moist if that is where they are pupating. As to 
emerging in nature, it depends on the weather. If it is unusually cool they 
will be a little slower than "normal", and if the days and nights are warmer 
than usual, then they will be a little earlier. They time themselves pretty 
accurately as to when the leaves will be ready for their young ones, which 
take about 12 -14 days to hatch from the eggs. Polyphemus usually prefer 
any of the birches. The adult does not have mouth parts, so lives only 10-
12 days on stored energy picked up as a caterpillar, just long enough to 
pass on its DNA and begin another cycle. 
	Come to think of it I should ask you where you found the cocoon!  
Was it attached to branches as in a small bush/tree or was it loose on the 
ground. If the latter was the location, then it could be a luna moth. They are 
tannish in colour, too, but spin on the ground using leaves in which to wrap 
themselves. 
	Good luck with it, and please let us know if something interesting 
occurs in about mid June to late June depending on the weather, of 
course!!  JET

	PS. If the cocoon was warmish, then the sun must have been on it, 
or the warmth of your hand warmed it up quickly. Insects are cold blooded 
and do not radiate warmth but have to absorb it from the sun or 
surrounding which is why we see very few insects in the winter time, except 
some specialized ones like snow fleas. If you hold your cocoon in your 
hand for a minute or two or even less, it may wiggle in response to the 
warmth as a Mexican jumping bean does. Then you will know it is still alive. 
Often, unfortuantely -but it is part of nature - the big caterpillars are often 
parasitized by the Ichumid Wasps. The caterpillar lives long enough to spin 
its cocoon, but the eggs of the wasp will bury into the pupa then and its 
young will use it for food, so instead of a pretty moth which you hope for, 
you may end of raising a jar full of wasps!  The cocoon will feel quite light, 
but it takes practice to know if it is a viable or not. If a moth has not 
emerged by mid July, cut into the inner cocoon and perhaps you can 
determine what happened to it, but there are a variety of possibilities of 
course!  

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