Disclaimer & Copyright Notices; Optimized for the IE & Firefox
Some examples of the post-development pollutants are as follows:
Measured Pollutant | Particle size | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
<43µ | 43µ - 246µ | >246µ | |||
(% by weight) | |||||
TS | 5.9 | 37.5 | 56.5 | ||
BOD5 | 24.3 | 32.5 | 43.2 | ||
COD | 22.7 | 57.4 | 19.9 | ||
VS | 25.6 | 34.0 | 40.4 | ||
Phosphates | 56.2 | 36.0 | 7.8 | ||
Nitrates | 31.9 | 45.1 | 23.0 | ||
Kjeldahl Nitrogen | 18.7 | 39.8 | 41.5 | ||
All heavy metals | 51.2 | 48.7 | |||
All pesticides | 73 | 27 | |||
PCB | 34 | 66 |
Parameter | Typical Distribution (%) | |
---|---|---|
Dissolved | Particulate | |
Total N | 40 | 60 |
Total P | 50 | 50 |
TSS | 0 | 100 |
BOD | 60 | 40 |
Total Cd | 70 | 30 |
Total Cr | 65 | 35 |
Total Cu | 70 | 30 |
Total Ni | 70 | 30 |
Total Pb | 25 | 75 |
Total Zn | 35 | 65 |
Constituent | Primary Sources |
---|---|
Particulates | Pavement wear, vehicles, atmosphere, maintenance, snow/ice abrasives, sediment disturbance |
Nitrogen, Phosphorus | Atmosphere, roadside fertiliser use, sediments |
Lead | Leaded gasoline, tire wear, lubricating oil and grease, bearing wear, atmospheric fallout |
Zinc | Tire wear, motor oil, grease |
Iron | Auto body rust, steel highway structures, engine parts |
Copper | Metal plating, bearing wear, engine parts, brake lining wear, fungicides and insecticides use |
Cadmium | Tire wear, insecticide application |
Chromium | Metal plating, engine parts, brake lining wear |
Nickel | Diesel fuel and gasoline, lubricating oil, metal plating, brake lining wear, asphalt paving |
Manganese | Engine parts |
Bromide | Exhaust |
Cyanide | Anticake compound used to keep deicing salt granular |
Sodium, Calcium | De-icing slats, grease |
Chloride | De-icing salts |
Sulphate | Roadway beds, fuel, de-icing salts |
Petroleum | Spills, leaks, blow-by motor lubricants, antifreeze, hydraulic fluids, asphalt surface leachate |
PCBs, pesticides | Spraying of highway right of ways, atmospheric deposition, PCB catalyst in synthetic tires |
Pathogenic bacteria | Soil litter, bird droppings, trucks hauling livestock/stockyard waste |
Rubber | Tire wear |
Asbestos* | Clutch and brake lining wear |
Pollutant | Urban (ADT> 30,000) | Rural (ADT< 30,000) |
---|---|---|
(µg/l) | (µg/l) | |
TSS (Total Suspended Solids) | 142,000 | 41,000 |
VSS (Volatile Suspended Solids) | 39,000 | 12,000 |
TOC (Total Organic Carbon) | 25,000 | 8,000 |
COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) | 114,000 | 49,000 |
NO3/NO2 (Nitrate + Nitrite) | 760 | 570 |
TKN (Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen) | 1,830 | 870 |
Phosphorus as PO4 | 400 | 160 |
Cu (Total Copper) | 54 | 22 |
Pb (Total Lead) | 400 | 80 |
Zn (Total Zinc) | 329 | 80 |
Average (Kg/ha/yr) | Range (Kg/ha/yr) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TN | TP | TSS | TN | TP | TSS | ||
Forest | 2.5 | 0.2 | 250 | 1-10 | 0.005-1 | 40-400 | |
Range/Pasture | 5 | 0.3 | 400 | 2-10 | 0.2-0.6 | 10-1,000 | |
Cropland | 10 | 0.6 | 1,600 | 1-40 | 0.03-0.7 | 300-4,000 | |
Urban | 5 | 0.8 | 2,000 | 2-20 | 0.25-5 | 200-5,000 | |
Feedlots | 1,000 | 250 | --- | 700-1,500 | 100-400 | --- | |
Precipitation | 10 | 0.25 | --- | 1-100 | 0.05-1 | --- | |
Lake Sediments Aerobic Conditions Anaerobic Conditions | --- --- | 20 150 | --- --- | | --- --- | 5-40 100-200 | --- --- |
Local watershed | Storm sewer catchment area (ha) | TP Export Coefficient (kg/ha.yr) |
---|---|---|
Settle Lake | 7.3 | 0.53 |
Bissett Lake | 57.6 | 0.57 |
Key:
* =
Found in water column also
(G)
= Observed predominantly in gas station sampling
** =
Observed only in water column samples (NG) = Observed predominantly in non-gas station sampling
(S)
= Suspected (a result of gas
(AS)
= Observed in both sampling
chromatography testing)
Potential Toxicant |
Typical Use |
Probable Pathway to
Oil-Grit Separator (OGS) |
||||
-------------------- Sediment
Samples -------------------- |
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|
|
|
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Semi-volatile Organics |
|
|
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Naphthalene* |
Component
of gasoline, fossil fuel. |
Incomplete
combustion of fossil fuels. Atmospheric deposition of the vapours,
Gasoline spillage, crankcase motor oil drippings. (G) |
||||
2-Methylnaphthalene* |
“ “ |
“ “ |
||||
Acenapthene |
“ “ |
“ “ |
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Fluorene |
“ “ |
“ “ |
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Phenanthrene |
“ “ |
“ “ |
||||
Pyrene |
“ “ |
“ “ |
||||
Chrysene* |
“ “ |
“ “ |
||||
Benzo (b) fluoranthene |
“ “ |
“ “ |
||||
Indeno (123-cd) pyrene |
“ “ |
“ “ |
||||
Benzo (g,h,i) perylene |
“ “ |
“ “ |
||||
Di-nbutyl phthalate |
Plasticizer-
component of plastics, polymeric substances. |
Leaches
from plastic products such as garden hoses, floor tiles, plastic containers
and food packaging. (NG) |
||||
Butylbenzyl phthalate |
“ “ |
“ “ |
||||
Bis (2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate* |
“ “ |
“ “ |
||||
Di-n-cotyle-phthalate |
“ “ |
“ “ |
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|
|
|
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Volatile Organics |
|
|
||||
Toluene* |
Used
as solvent and in chemical synthesis. |
Improper
disposal of industrial waste. Atmospheric deposition of vapours
resulting from incomplete combustion of fuels. (AS) |
||||
Ethylbenzene* |
Intermediate
in chemical synthesis, solvent component of antifreeze. |
Antifreeze
spillings. (AS) |
||||
Total
Xylenes* |
“ “ |
“ “ |
||||
Methylene Chloride |
Used
as refrigerant. Component of PVC. |
Improper
disposal of industrial waste. Refrigerant leakage. (S) |
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|
|
|
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Pesticides/PCBs |
|
|
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Aldrin |
Pesticide |
Used
in farming, gardening and landscaping. |
||||
4,4-DDT |
Pesticide |
“ “ |
||||
|
|
|
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Metals |
|
|
||||
Antimony |
Component
of lead alloys, rubber, matches, ceramics, enamel, paints, lacquers and
textiles. |
Leaches
from painted and rubber waste articles. Household and industrial waste
erosion from rocks and soils. (G) |
||||
Arsenic* |
Component
of fossil fuel, insecticide, food preservatives. |
Product
of incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and incomplete atmospheric
deposition of vapours. (AS) |
||||
Beryllium* |
Used
to manufacture non-sparking alloys for tools, nuclear reactors and
lightweight alloys. |
Erosion
from rocks and soils. (AS) |
||||
Cadmium* |
Used
in manufacture of batteries, paints and plastics. Used to plate iron products
such as nuts and bolts for corrosion prevention. |
Waste
from plating processes. Motor vehicle exhaust. Leached from galvanized copper
and plastic pipes. (G) |
||||
Chromium* |
Used
to make alloys, catalysts and refractories. Used in
plating processes. Used in paints, leather tanning, plastics. |
Improper
disposal of industrial waste. Corrosion of alloys and plated surfaces. (AS) |
||||
Copper* |
Used
as alloy component. Sulphate salt used as algicide in water supply reservoirs. Component of
fungicide. Used in electroplating industry. Found in coolant, brake fluid,
motor oil, gasoline. |
Corrosion
of copper pipes and fittings. Improper disposal of waste from industry. Algicide. (AS) |
||||
Lead* |
Used
as an additive to gasoline, motor oil, brake fluid
and coolant. Component of pipes, paints and dyes.
Used in manufacture of batteries, insecticide. |
Atmospheric
deposition of motor vehicle exhaust. Gasoline, motor oil,
brake fluid and coolant leakage. Leaching from paints, stains,
plastics. Improper disposal of batteries and insecticides. |
||||
Nickel |
Used
in electroplating, food processing (gelatin, baking powder). Present in
gasoline, transmission fluid, motor oil, brake fluid, coolants. |
Wastewater
from electroplating operations. Product of incomplete combustion of fossil fuels
and atmospheric deposition. Gasoline leakage, coolant, motor oil and brake
fluid spillage. (AS) |
||||
Silver |
Used
in electroplating industry. Silver halides are used in photography. Component
of germicide, antiseptic and astringent. Found in diesel fuel. |
Improper
disposal of industrial waste. (AS) |
||||
Zinc* |
Used
in electroplating industry. Component of bronze, rubber, enamel, glass and
paper. Component of automobile tires, road salt and paint. |
Wastewater
from electroplating operations. Weathering and abrasion of galvanized iron
and steel. Leaching from road salt, automobile tires. (AS) |
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|
|
|
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Cyanide/Phenols |
|
|
||||
Phenol* |
Product
of plating operations. Anticaking ingredient in
road salts. Intermediate in production resins. |
Waste
from coal coking and refinery operations. Leaching from road salt. (AS) |
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-------------------- Water
Column Samples** -------------------- |
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|
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Semi-volatile Organics |
|
|
||||
Benzyl
alcohol |
Component
of gasoline, fossil fuel. |
Incomplete
combustion of fossil fuel and atmospheric deposition of vapours.
(G) |
||||
2-Methylphenol |
“ “ |
“ “ |
||||
3-4-Methylphenol |
“ “ |
“ “ |
||||
2,4-Demithylphenol |
“ “ |
“ “ |
||||
|
|
|
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Volatile Organics |
|
|
||||
Acetone |
Used
as gasoline additive. Solvent for paints, resins, lacquers and plastics. |
Leaching
of paints and plastics. Automobile product, motor oil leakage. |
||||
2-Butanone |
“ “ |
“ “ |
||||
Benzene |
“ “ |
“ “ |
||||
Key:
* = Found in water column
also
(G)
= Observed predominantly in
gas
station sampling
** = Observed only in water
column
(NG)
= Observed predominantly in
samples
non-gas
station sampling
(S) = Suspected (a result of
gas
(AS)
= Observed in both sampling
chromatography testing)
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