[NatureNS] two trees to buy a pizza or would we rather a car with

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Date: Tue, 9 Feb 2016 09:29:57 -0400
From: Nicholas Hill <fernhillns@gmail.com>
To: naturens@chebucto.ns.ca
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Made eminent sense in an a
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We need a trip to the Herbert floodplain to see Canada lily sanicula Carex
tuckermanni wild coffee and the cohosh and yellow violets. This area is
extensive and  outstanding and is a floodplain that never was farmed unlike
its neighbour the Meander.
Nick
On Feb 8, 2016 10:21 PM, "Donna Crossland" <dcrossland@eastlink.ca> wrote:

> Very interesting discussions.  Almost no one mentioned the favourable ide=
a
> of buying an entire vehicle from two trees rather than a pizza.  I suppos=
e
> it was a favourable thought to all.
>
>
>
> The more thought-provoking discussion re: flood plains and wind throw-
> some quick thoughts before bed:
>
> Red maple flood plains!!    There=E2=80=99s a beautiful example at Jake=
=E2=80=99s Landing,
> Keji.    Many such areas were =E2=80=98hayed=E2=80=99.
>
>
>
> It is well known that riparian zones were the first to be logged for ton
> (square timber) and later saw logs.   Ton timber consisted largely of whi=
te
> pine, but also a surprising amount of large, straight yellow birch (calle=
d
> black birch back then due to its advanced age and exterior
> characteristics).  Riparian zones also were the first areas to be strippe=
d
> of trees for agricultural lands.   Rivers were the highways...   Of cours=
e
> flood plains were converted to agriculture.  People tilled the richest
> soils first.   (Ask the Acadians.  There were numerous families along the
> Annapolis and elsewhere.)  Trying to feed a family on the harvests from
> poor soils (from conifer stands or poor geology) would have been very ris=
ky
> in the 1700-1800s, with no welfare and no Superstore nearby.
>
>
>
> I=E2=80=99ve just spent a good deal of energy trying to encourage some tr=
ees to
> re-grow along my tiny piece of land on the Annapolis River, long ago
> stripped of trees and the soils tilled for agriculture.  Unfortunately, t=
he
> grass now makes it nearly impossible for trees to re-establish and banks
> are now slumping into the river at alarming speed, brought on partly due =
to
> the instability of early tree removal.  I just watched the slow death of =
a
> tall, remaining elm on the banks last summer.  Most of the elm have alrea=
dy
> fallen into the river.  Very sad.
>
>
>
> Species of tree roots are not all the same.  Shallow roots of spruce and
> balsam fir are not very valuable as nutrient pumps (and blow over very
> easily), but hardwoods and the tap roots of pine are another story.  I kn=
ew
> a friend who planted ginseng under sugar maple.  At night the great sugar
> maples pumped water (and nutrients) from down deep to the surface.  The
> ginseng flourished.
>
>
>
> Flood plains can receive soil enrichment from both sediments during
> flooding and from deep rooted trees that may line riparian communities
> where conditions are right.  Too much water=3D grasses, sedges, maybe
> ericaceous, okay,... but periodic flooding is just fine for some trees.
>
>
>
> I suppose I=E2=80=99ll never get to see blue cohosh, but I=E2=80=99d like=
 to.  We lost our
> richest hardwoods so long ago, it is difficult to imagine what the
> Annapolis Valley must have been like.  A botanist=E2=80=99s dream.
>
>
>
> *From:* naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca [mailto:
> naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca] *On Behalf Of *Nicholas Hill
> *Sent:* February-08-16 7:42 PM
> *To:* naturens@chebucto.ns.ca
> *Subject:* Re: [NatureNS] two trees to buy a pizza or would we rather a
> car with the same two trees?
>
>
>
> as you will
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> On Mon, Feb 8, 2016 at 5:06 PM, David & Alison Webster <dwebster@glinx.co=
m>
> wrote:
>
> Nick,
>
>    I am not aware of any ot these places being wooded then and
> subsequently converted to agriculture. I do recall collecting in hardwood=
s
> on Salmon ancient floodplains, well above 50s flood levels, soon to be
> stripped for gravel; not agriculture.
>
>     Meadows which frequently flood in summer and are nearly always
> flooded over winter don't support trees.
>
> DW
>
>
>
> ----- Original Message -----
>
> *From:* Nicholas Hill <fernhillns@gmail.com>
>
> *To:* naturens@chebucto.ns.ca
>
> *Sent:* Monday, February 08, 2016 3:47 PM
>
> *Subject:* Re: [NatureNS] two trees to buy a pizza or would we rather a
> car with the same two trees?
>
>
>
>  you guys back in the EC Smith days covered the province...
>
> Oxford's R Phillip, Meander, Kennetcook, Gaspereau
>
> Salmon...we can go on and we should
>
>
>
> Wherever it was fertile
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> On Mon, Feb 8, 2016 at 3:25 PM, David & Alison Webster <dwebster@glinx.co=
m>
> wrote:
>
> Hi Nick,
>
>     Where were floodplains converted to agriculture in NS ? A smattering
> in NB but none is NS that I am aware of. Some Salmon River floodplains we=
re
> mined for gravel when the 100 series highways were built near there and I
> think some floodplains near Oxford were mined.
>
>     Floodplains are enriched by the silt deposited by floodwaters each
> year; e.g. Nile, Tigrus not by trees which may take advantage of the
> enriched soil.
>
> Yt, DW
>
> ----- Original Message -----
>
> *From:* Nicholas Hill <fernhillns@gmail.com>
>
> *To:* naturens@chebucto.ns.ca
>
> *Sent:* Monday, February 08, 2016 2:53 PM
>
> *Subject:* Re: [NatureNS] two trees to buy a pizza or would we rather a
> car with the same two trees?
>
>
>
> Hey John
>
> yes tree roots are purported to be amazing N and P pumps and can take up
> nutrients before they reach waterways..90% range according to Maltby who
> was working on big rivers of Europe.
>
> when you lose trees you lose these pumps and go to lower functional state=
s
> and herbaceous plants arent a lick on trees.
>
>
>
> The tree was an engineer of floodplains in big ways and we lost a lot of
> that when we converted floodplain for agriculture. This floodplain forest
> is what supports a good group of the Appalachian Deciduous Forest
> species..bloodroot, blue cohosh Canada violet (?) wild coffee, Canada Lil=
y,
> wild garlic, yellow violets, toothwort, Solomon's plume..and this is the
> habitat we need right now to let us preserve the diversity that is
> expanding northward and may be eliminated from Kentucky in time. I'm
> looking forward to being able to eat pawpaws, crush spicebush leaves and
> swing on forest grape vines in my nineties in Nova Scotia but first we ne=
ed
> to secure and restore floodplain habitat.
>
>
>
> must be midwinter
>
>
>
>
>
> On Mon, Feb 8, 2016 at 2:05 PM, David & Alison Webster <dwebster@glinx.co=
m>
> wrote:
>
> Hi John & All,
>
>     Any deep-rooted plant will move nutrients to the surface if that is
> what you mean. Grasses are in general better than trees because their fin=
e
> roots can penetrate the pores of rigid soils not accessible to tree roots=
.
> This is why Agropyron repens (Couch) is such a vigorous weed. And why the
> fertility of Prairie soil is immense.
>
> Yt, DW
>
>
>
> ----- Original Message -----
>
> *From:* John and Nhung <nhungjohn@eastlink.ca>
>
> *To:* naturens@chebucto.ns.ca
>
> *Sent:* Monday, February 08, 2016 12:06 PM
>
> *Subject:* RE: [NatureNS] two trees to buy a pizza or would we rather a
> car with the same two trees?
>
>
>
> When I was a CUSO volunteer in Northeast Thailand, thirty-odd years ago,
> our country Director (a soil scientist by training) called trees =E2=80=
=9Cnutrient
> pumps.=E2=80=9D
>
>
>
> Made eminent sense in an area with terrible soils, with minimal organic
> content.
>
>
>
> *From:* naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca [mailto:
> naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca] *On Behalf Of *Nicholas Hill
> *Sent:* February 8, 2016 11:44 AM
> *To:* naturens@chebucto.ns.ca
> *Subject:* Re: [NatureNS] two trees to buy a pizza or would we rather a
> car with the same two trees?
>
>
>
> Trees have been called environmental engineers as they make habitat and
> set up the food web. We are very lucky to have neighbours that let us wal=
k
> and bring kids through their woods that are in good condition with large
> mature trees of pines and hemlock. We saw the strips of tree felling from
> the microbursts that we called the Berwick Blow of a few winters ago that
> took out some 200 year old hemlock but we also see blow down along a line
> between two properties where still another neighbour has clearcut and it
> has made it not possible to ski in the adjacent uncut property over a 40m
> width due to blow down.
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> On Mon, Feb 8, 2016 at 11:06 AM, David & Alison Webster <
> dwebster@glinx.com> wrote:
>
> Hi Dusan,
>
>     Yes and no. A sufficiently high wind can mow a swath through
> undisturbed forest. And counting Dec 13, 2010 (ignoring Juan because it w=
as
> local) we have had two high winds recently; one even in May, 2013 (?). An=
d
> many winds which finish the job or start fresh ones.
>
>     The Kentville ravine is a good example; the 2010 wind felled a
> significant area of Hemlock/hardwood. In my woods more Poplar went over
> than 5 households could use both as 'scattered' trees of up to 6 in one
> domino and two areas (~1 acre & 2 acres) where nearly every tree went
> down. Most large Spruce which survived 2010 were taken in 2013.
>
>
>
>     I think we are in a new era of damaging winds. Note that Juan took
> large trees and spared medium trees. With regard to canopy protection thi=
s
> no doubt helps but if trees grow with space they are better anchored than
> trees which grow crowded.
>
> Yt, DW
>
> ----- Original Message -----
>
> *From:* Dusan Soudek <soudekd@ns.sympatico.ca>
>
> *To:* naturens@chebucto.ns.ca
>
> *Sent:* Monday, February 08, 2016 9:28 AM
>
> *Subject:* Re: [NatureNS] two trees to buy a pizza or would we rather a
> car with the same two trees?
>
>
>
> =EF=BB=BF    To Donna, David, et al;
>
> one of the obvious way trees in a forest cooperate is protection against
> strong winds. A solitary tree is unlikely to withstand windstorms, a fore=
st
> with an intact canopy usually does. But, on the other hand, there is brut=
al
> competition for sunlight in a forest. Taller trees inhibit the growth of
> smaller trees, often their conspecifics and even their own descendants. O=
f
> the millions and millions of seeds a mature tree will produce over its
> lifetime, on the average only one will reach maturity...
>
>    Dusan Soudek
>
> On February 8, 2016 at 8:21 AM David & Alison Webster <dwebster@glinx.com=
>
> wrote:
>
> Hi Donna & All,                                        Feb 8, 2016
>
>     The book, The Hidden Life of Trees, should be interesting reading.
>
>     But there is nothing mysterious about "...for reasons unknown, keep
> the ancient stumps of long-felled companions alive for centuries by feedi=
ng
> them a sugar solution through their roots.=E2=80=9D This is root grafting
> practiced by Spruce sometimes, Hemlock always, Fir sometimes and Norway
> Maple.
>
>
>
>     Root grafting is I suspect a reflection of somewhat hostile soil
> conditions and/or perhaps 'permanent woodland' such that extension roots
> tend to follow old root channels as opposed to  making a new one. When a
> root cap of tree A meets one of tree B they sometimes (always ?) unite an=
d
> form a 2-way link.
>
>     Decades ago I came across a great example of this at Dean Chapter
> Lake. The roots of the Spruce forest which had been killed by raising the
> water level for hydro were mostly intact but exposed by wash. Every Spruc=
e
> I saw was attached to two or more Spruce by grafting.
>
>
>
> Yt, Dave Webster, Kentville
>
> ----- Original Message -----
>
> *From:* Donna Crossland <dcrossland@eastlink.ca>
>
> *To:* naturens@chebucto.ns.ca
>
> *Sent:* Sunday, February 07, 2016 9:11 PM
>
> *Subject:* [NatureNS] two trees to buy a pizza or would we rather a car
> with the same two trees?
>
> This forest article was forwarded to me by Jon Percy.  Bob Bancroft has
> also circulated around to some, but it is worth ensuring that everyone se=
es
> it.
>
>
>
>
> http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/30/world/europe/german-forest-ranger-finds=
-that-trees-have-social-networks-too.html?hp&action=3Dclick&pgtype=3DHomepa=
ge&clickSource=3Dstory-heading&module=3Dsecond-column-region&region=3Dtop-n=
ews&WT.nav=3Dtop-news&_r=3D0
>
>
>
> The parts I enjoyed-
>
>
>
> =E2=80=9C in nature, trees operate less like individuals and more as comm=
unal
> beings. Working together in networks and sharing resources, they increase
> their resistance.=E2=80=9D
>
>
>
> =E2=80=9CIn one forest, they said, when they wanted to buy a car, they cu=
t two
> trees. For us, at the time, two trees would buy you a pizza.=E2=80=9D
>
>
>
> =E2=80=9C that trees in the forest are social beings. They can count, lea=
rn and
> remember; nurse sick neighbors; warn each other of danger by sending
> electrical signals across a fungal network known as the =E2=80=9CWood Wid=
e Web=E2=80=9D;
> and, for reasons unknown, keep the ancient stumps of long-felled companio=
ns
> alive for centuries by feeding them a sugar solution through their roots.=
=E2=80=9D
>
>
>
> This should be required reading for all personnel who =E2=80=98manage=E2=
=80=99 our forests.
>
>
>
> If we want folks to relate to the forest on a more personal level, other
> than as a simple entity to mow down for relatively low profit, this way o=
f
> describing our forests may be a good approach.
>
> No virus found in this message.
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>
>
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<p dir=3D"ltr">We need a trip to the Herbert floodplain to see Canada lily =
sanicula Carex tuckermanni wild coffee and the cohosh and yellow violets. T=
his area is extensive and=C2=A0 outstanding and is a floodplain that never =
was farmed unlike its neighbour the Meander.<br>
Nick </p>
<div class=3D"gmail_quote">On Feb 8, 2016 10:21 PM, &quot;Donna Crossland&q=
uot; &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:dcrossland@eastlink.ca">dcrossland@eastlink.ca</=
a>&gt; wrote:<br type=3D"attribution"><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" sty=
le=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div l=
ang=3D"EN-CA" link=3D"blue" vlink=3D"purple"><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><s=
pan style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-se=
rif&quot;;color:#1f497d">Very interesting discussions.=C2=A0 Almost no one =
mentioned the favourable idea of buying an entire vehicle from two trees ra=
ther than a pizza.=C2=A0 I suppose it was a favourable thought to all.<u></=
u><u></u></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;=
font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1f497d"><u></=
u>=C2=A0<u></u></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:1=
1.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1f497d"=
>The more thought-provoking discussion re: flood plains and wind throw- som=
e quick thoughts before bed:<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"=
><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans=
-serif&quot;;color:#1f497d">Red maple flood plains!!=C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0Ther=
e=E2=80=99s a beautiful example at Jake=E2=80=99s Landing, Keji.=C2=A0 =C2=
=A0=C2=A0Many such areas were =E2=80=98hayed=E2=80=99.<u></u><u></u></span>=
</p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quo=
t;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1f497d"><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u><=
/span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-famil=
y:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1f497d">It is well know=
n that riparian zones were the first to be logged for ton (square timber) a=
nd later saw logs.=C2=A0 =C2=A0Ton timber consisted largely of white pine, =
but also a surprising amount of large, straight yellow birch (called black =
birch back then due to its advanced age and exterior characteristics).=C2=
=A0 Riparian zones also were the first areas to be stripped of trees for ag=
ricultural lands.=C2=A0=C2=A0 Rivers were the highways...=C2=A0 =C2=A0Of co=
urse flood plains were converted to agriculture.=C2=A0 People tilled the ri=
chest soils first.=C2=A0 =C2=A0(Ask the Acadians.=C2=A0 There were numerous=
 families along the Annapolis and elsewhere.)=C2=A0 Trying to feed a family=
 on the harvests from poor soils (from conifer stands or poor geology) woul=
d have been very risky in the 1700-1800s, with no welfare and no Superstore=
 nearby.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font=
-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#=
1f497d"><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=
=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;=
;color:#1f497d">I=E2=80=99ve just spent a good deal of energy trying to enc=
ourage some trees to re-grow along my tiny piece of land on the Annapolis R=
iver, long ago stripped of trees and the soils tilled for agriculture.=C2=
=A0 Unfortunately, the grass now makes it nearly impossible for trees to re=
-establish and banks are now slumping into the river at alarming speed, bro=
ught on partly due to the instability of early tree removal.=C2=A0 I just w=
atched the slow death of a tall, remaining elm on the banks last summer.=C2=
=A0 Most of the elm have already fallen into the river.=C2=A0 Very sad.=C2=
=A0 <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-siz=
e:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1f49=
7d"><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"fo=
nt-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color=
:#1f497d">Species of tree roots are not all the same.=C2=A0 Shallow roots o=
f spruce and balsam fir are not very valuable as nutrient pumps (and blow o=
ver very easily), but hardwoods and the tap roots of pine are another story=
.=C2=A0 I knew a friend who planted ginseng under sugar maple.=C2=A0 At nig=
ht the great sugar maples pumped water (and nutrients) from down deep to th=
e surface.=C2=A0 The ginseng flourished.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class=
=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&qu=
ot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1f497d"><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></span></p><p=
 class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Cali=
bri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1f497d">Flood plains can receive so=
il enrichment from both sediments during flooding and from deep rooted tree=
s that may line riparian communities where conditions are right.=C2=A0 Too =
much water=3D grasses, sedges, maybe ericaceous, okay,... but periodic floo=
ding is just fine for some trees.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class=3D"MsoNo=
rmal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot=
;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1f497d"><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></span></p><p class=3D=
"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;=
,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1f497d">I suppose I=E2=80=99ll never get to =
see blue cohosh, but I=E2=80=99d like to.=C2=A0 We lost our richest hardwoo=
ds so long ago, it is difficult to imagine what the Annapolis Valley must h=
ave been like.=C2=A0 A botanist=E2=80=99s dream.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p=
 class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Cali=
bri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1f497d"><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></span>=
</p><div style=3D"border:none;border-top:solid #b5c4df 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt =
0cm 0cm 0cm"><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><b><span lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"font-s=
ize:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">From:</sp=
an></b><span lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Tah=
oma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"> <a href=3D"mailto:naturens-owner@chebuct=
o.ns.ca" target=3D"_blank">naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca</a> [mailto:<a hre=
f=3D"mailto:naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca" target=3D"_blank">naturens-owner=
@chebucto.ns.ca</a>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Nicholas Hill<br><b>Sent:</b> Febr=
uary-08-16 7:42 PM<br><b>To:</b> <a href=3D"mailto:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca"=
 target=3D"_blank">naturens@chebucto.ns.ca</a><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Natu=
reNS] two trees to buy a pizza or would we rather a car with the same two t=
rees?<u></u><u></u></span></p></div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><u></u>=C2=A0<u>=
</u></p><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">as you will<u></u><u></u></p><div><p cl=
ass=3D"MsoNormal"><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"=
><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><u></u>=C2=A0<u>=
</u></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></p><div><p c=
lass=3D"MsoNormal">On Mon, Feb 8, 2016 at 5:06 PM, David &amp; Alison Webst=
er &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:dwebster@glinx.com" target=3D"_blank">dwebster@gli=
nx.com</a>&gt; wrote:<u></u><u></u></p><div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">Nic=
k,<u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><em>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0</em>I am not aware of any ot these places being wooded then and subsequ=
ently converted to agriculture. I do recall collecting in hardwoods on Salm=
on ancient floodplains, well above 50s flood levels, soon to be stripped fo=
r gravel; not agriculture.<u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNorma=
l">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 Meadows which frequently flood in summer and are near=
ly always flooded=C2=A0over winter don&#39;t support trees.<u></u><u></u></=
p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">DW<em>=C2=A0</em><u></u><u></u></p></di=
v><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0<u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class=
=3D"MsoNormal">----- Original Message ----- <u></u><u></u></p></div><blockq=
uote style=3D"border:none;border-left:solid black 1.5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm=
 4.0pt;margin-left:3.75pt;margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5=
.0pt"><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"background:#e4e4e4"><b><span sty=
le=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;=
">From:</span></b><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&q=
uot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"> <a href=3D"mailto:fernhillns@gmail.com" title=
=3D"fernhillns@gmail.com" target=3D"_blank">Nicholas Hill</a> <u></u><u></u=
></span></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><b><span style=3D"font-size:1=
0.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">To:</span></b><=
span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-ser=
if&quot;"> <a href=3D"mailto:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca" title=3D"naturens@che=
bucto.ns.ca" target=3D"_blank">naturens@chebucto.ns.ca</a> <u></u><u></u></=
span></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><b><span style=3D"font-size:10.0=
pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Sent:</span></b><s=
pan style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-seri=
f&quot;"> Monday, February 08, 2016 3:47 PM<u></u><u></u></span></p></div><=
div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><b><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&=
quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Subject:</span></b><span style=3D"=
font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"> Re:=
 [NatureNS] two trees to buy a pizza or would we rather a car with the same=
 two trees?<u></u><u></u></span></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><u></=
u>=C2=A0<u></u></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0you guys back in=
 the EC Smith days covered the province... <u></u><u></u></p><div><p class=
=3D"MsoNormal">Oxford&#39;s R Phillip, Meander, Kennetcook, Gaspereau<u></u=
><u></u></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">Salmon...we can go on and we =
should<u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><u></u>=C2=A0<u><=
/u></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">Wherever it was fertile<u></u><u><=
/u></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></p></div><div=
><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></p></div></div><div><p class=
=3D"MsoNormal"><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></p><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">On Mon, =
Feb 8, 2016 at 3:25 PM, David &amp; Alison Webster &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:dw=
ebster@glinx.com" target=3D"_blank">dwebster@glinx.com</a>&gt; wrote:<u></u=
><u></u></p><div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">Hi Nick,<u></u><u></u></p></di=
v><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 Where were floodplains con=
verted to agriculture in NS ? A smattering in NB but none is NS that I am a=
ware of. Some Salmon River floodplains were mined for gravel when the 100 s=
eries highways were built near there and I think some floodplains near Oxfo=
rd were mined. <u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0 Floodplains are enriched by the silt deposited by floodwaters =
each year; e.g. Nile, Tigrus not by trees which may take advantage of the e=
nriched soil.<u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">Yt, DW<u><=
/u><u></u></p></div><blockquote style=3D"border:none;border-left:solid blac=
k 1.5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 4.0pt;margin-left:3.75pt;margin-top:5.0pt;margi=
n-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt"><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D=
"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">---=
-- Original Message ----- <u></u><u></u></span></p></div><div><p class=3D"M=
soNormal" style=3D"background:#e4e4e4"><b><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;f=
ont-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">From:</span></b><span =
style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&qu=
ot;"> <a href=3D"mailto:fernhillns@gmail.com" title=3D"fernhillns@gmail.com=
" target=3D"_blank">Nicholas Hill</a> <u></u><u></u></span></p></div><div><=
p class=3D"MsoNormal"><b><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;=
Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">To:</span></b><span style=3D"font-size:=
10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"> <a href=3D"ma=
ilto:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca" title=3D"naturens@chebucto.ns.ca" target=3D"_=
blank">naturens@chebucto.ns.ca</a> <u></u><u></u></span></p></div><div><div=
><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><b><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family=
:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Sent:</span></b><span style=3D"f=
ont-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"> Mond=
ay, February 08, 2016 2:53 PM<u></u><u></u></span></p></div><div><p class=
=3D"MsoNormal"><b><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&q=
uot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Subject:</span></b><span style=3D"font-size:10=
.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"> Re: [NatureNS] =
two trees to buy a pizza or would we rather a car with the same two trees?<=
u></u><u></u></span></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><u></u>=C2=A0<u><=
/u></p></div><div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">Hey John<u></u><u></u></p></d=
iv><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">yes tree roots are purported to be amazing N=
 and P pumps and can take up nutrients before they reach waterways..90% ran=
ge according to Maltby who was working on big rivers of Europe.<u></u><u></=
u></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">when you lose trees you lose these =
pumps and go to lower functional states and herbaceous plants arent a lick =
on trees.<u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><u></u>=C2=A0<=
u></u></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">The tree was an engineer of flo=
odplains in big ways and we lost a lot of that when we converted floodplain=
 for agriculture. This floodplain forest is what supports a good group of t=
he Appalachian Deciduous Forest species..bloodroot, blue cohosh Canada viol=
et (?) wild coffee, Canada Lily, wild garlic, yellow violets, toothwort, So=
lomon&#39;s plume..and this is the habitat we need right now to let us pres=
erve the diversity that is expanding northward and may be eliminated from K=
entucky in time. I&#39;m looking forward to being able to eat pawpaws, crus=
h spicebush leaves and swing on forest grape vines in my nineties in Nova S=
cotia but first we need to secure and restore floodplain habitat.<u></u><u>=
</u></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></p></div><di=
v><p class=3D"MsoNormal">must be midwinter=C2=A0<u></u><u></u></p></div><di=
v><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></p></div><div><p class=3D"Mso=
Normal"><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></p><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">On Mon, Feb 8, =
2016 at 2:05 PM, David &amp; Alison Webster &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:dwebster@=
glinx.com" target=3D"_blank">dwebster@glinx.com</a>&gt; wrote:<u></u><u></u=
></p><div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">Hi John &amp; All,<u></u><u></u></p><=
/div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 Any deep-rooted plant w=
ill move nutrients to the surface if that is what you mean. Grasses are in =
general better than trees because their fine roots can penetrate the pores =
of rigid soils not accessible=C2=A0to tree roots. This is why Agropyron rep=
ens (Couch) is such a vigorous weed. And why the fertility of=C2=A0Prairie =
soil=C2=A0is immense.<u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">Yt=
, DW<u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0<u></u><u></u=
></p></div><blockquote style=3D"border:none;border-left:solid black 1.5pt;p=
adding:0cm 0cm 0cm 4.0pt;margin-left:3.75pt;margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0=
cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt"><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-siz=
e:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">----- Origin=
al Message ----- <u></u><u></u></span></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"=
 style=3D"background:#e4e4e4"><b><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-famil=
y:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">From:</span></b><span style=3D"=
font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"> <a =
href=3D"mailto:nhungjohn@eastlink.ca" title=3D"nhungjohn@eastlink.ca" targe=
t=3D"_blank">John and Nhung</a> <u></u><u></u></span></p></div><div><p clas=
s=3D"MsoNormal"><b><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&=
quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">To:</span></b><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt=
;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"> <a href=3D"mailto:n=
aturens@chebucto.ns.ca" title=3D"naturens@chebucto.ns.ca" target=3D"_blank"=
>naturens@chebucto.ns.ca</a> <u></u><u></u></span></p></div><div><p class=
=3D"MsoNormal"><b><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&q=
uot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Sent:</span></b><span style=3D"font-size:10.0p=
t;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"> Monday, February 0=
8, 2016 12:06 PM<u></u><u></u></span></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">=
<b><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans=
-serif&quot;">Subject:</span></b><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-famil=
y:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"> RE: [NatureNS] two trees to bu=
y a pizza or would we rather a car with the same two trees?<u></u><u></u></=
span></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></p></div><d=
iv><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot=
;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1f497d">When I was a CUSO volu=
nteer in Northeast Thailand, thirty-odd years ago, our country Director (a =
soil scientist by training) called trees =E2=80=9Cnutrient pumps.=E2=80=9D=
=C2=A0 </span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0<u></u><u></u>=
</p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quo=
t;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1f497d">Made eminent sense in=
 an area with terrible soils, with minimal organic content.</span><u></u><u=
></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0<u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNorm=
al"><b><span lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Tah=
oma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">From:</span></b><span lang=3D"EN-US" styl=
e=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;=
"> <a href=3D"mailto:naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca" target=3D"_blank">natur=
ens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca</a> [mailto:<a href=3D"mailto:naturens-owner@chebu=
cto.ns.ca" target=3D"_blank">naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca</a>] <b>On Behal=
f Of </b>Nicholas Hill<br><b>Sent:</b> February 8, 2016 11:44 AM<br><b>To:<=
/b> <a href=3D"mailto:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca" target=3D"_blank">naturens@c=
hebucto.ns.ca</a><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [NatureNS] two trees to buy a pizz=
a or would we rather a car with the same two trees?</span><u></u><u></u></p=
><p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0<u></u><u></u></p><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"=
>Trees have been called environmental engineers as they make habitat and se=
t up the food web. We are very lucky to have neighbours that let us walk an=
d bring kids through their woods that are in good condition with large matu=
re trees of pines and hemlock. We saw the strips of tree felling from the m=
icrobursts that we called the Berwick Blow of a few winters ago that took o=
ut some 200 year old hemlock but we also see blow down along a line between=
 two properties where still another neighbour has clearcut and it has made =
it not possible to ski in the adjacent uncut property over a 40m width due =
to blow down.=C2=A0<u></u><u></u></p><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0<u><=
/u><u></u></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0<u></u><u></u></p></d=
iv><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0<u></u><u></u></p><div><p class=3D"Mso=
Normal">=C2=A0<u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0<u>=
</u><u></u></p></div></div></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0<u></u><=
u></u></p><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">On Mon, Feb 8, 2016 at 11:06 AM, Davi=
d &amp; Alison Webster &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:dwebster@glinx.com" target=3D"=
_blank">dwebster@glinx.com</a>&gt; wrote:<u></u><u></u></p><div><div><p cla=
ss=3D"MsoNormal">Hi Dusan,<u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNorma=
l">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 Yes and no. A sufficiently high wind can mow a swath =
through undisturbed forest. And counting Dec 13, 2010 (ignoring Juan becaus=
e it was local) we have had two=C2=A0high winds recently; one even in May, =
2013=C2=A0(?). And many winds which finish the job or start fresh ones.<u><=
/u><u></u></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 The Kent=
ville ravine is a good example; the 2010=C2=A0wind felled a significant are=
a of Hemlock/hardwood. In my woods more Poplar went over than 5 households =
could use both as &#39;scattered&#39; trees=C2=A0of up to 6 in one domino a=
nd two areas (~1 acre &amp; 2 acres) where nearly every tree went down.=C2=
=A0Most large Spruce which survived 2010 were taken in 2013. <u></u><u></u>=
</p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 <u></u><u></u></p>=
</div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 I think we are in a ne=
w era of damaging winds. Note that Juan took large trees and spared medium =
trees. With regard to canopy protection this no doubt helps but if trees gr=
ow with space they are better anchored than trees which grow crowded. <u></=
u><u></u></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">Yt, DW<u></u><u></u></p></di=
v><blockquote style=3D"border:none;border-left:solid black 1.5pt;padding:0c=
m 0cm 0cm 4.0pt;margin-left:3.75pt;margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin=
-bottom:5.0pt"><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;=
font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">----- Original Messag=
e ----- </span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D=
"background:#e4e4e4"><b><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;A=
rial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">From:</span></b><span style=3D"font-size=
:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"> <a href=3D"m=
ailto:soudekd@ns.sympatico.ca" title=3D"soudekd@ns.sympatico.ca" target=3D"=
_blank">Dusan Soudek</a> </span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class=3D"Ms=
oNormal"><b><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&=
quot;sans-serif&quot;">To:</span></b><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-f=
amily:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"> <a href=3D"mailto:naturens=
@chebucto.ns.ca" title=3D"naturens@chebucto.ns.ca" target=3D"_blank">nature=
ns@chebucto.ns.ca</a> </span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNo=
rmal"><b><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quo=
t;sans-serif&quot;">Sent:</span></b><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-fa=
mily:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"> Monday, February 08, 2016 9=
:28 AM</span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><b><span s=
tyle=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quo=
t;">Subject:</span></b><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Ar=
ial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"> Re: [NatureNS] two trees to buy a pizza =
or would we rather a car with the same two trees?</span><u></u><u></u></p><=
/div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0<u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p clas=
s=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-family:&quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-se=
rif&quot;">=EF=BB=BF</span>=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 To Donna, David, et al; <u></=
u><u></u></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">one of the=C2=A0obvious way =
trees in a forest cooperate is protection against strong winds. A solitary =
tree is unlikely to withstand windstorms, a forest with an intact canopy=C2=
=A0usually does. But, on the other hand, there is brutal competition for su=
nlight in a forest. Taller trees inhibit=C2=A0the growth of smaller trees, =
often their conspecifics and even their own descendants. Of the millions an=
d millions of seeds a mature tree will produce over its lifetime, on the av=
erage only one will reach maturity... <u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class=
=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0=C2=A0 Dusan Soudek <u></u><u></u></p></div><blockquot=
e style=3D"border:none;border-left:solid blue 1.0pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 8.0=
pt;margin-left:0cm;margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt"><p class=3D"MsoNor=
mal" style=3D"margin-bottom:12.0pt">On February 8, 2016 at 8:21 AM David &a=
mp; Alison Webster &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:dwebster@glinx.com" target=3D"_bla=
nk">dwebster@glinx.com</a>&gt; wrote: <u></u><u></u></p><div><p class=3D"Ms=
oNormal">Hi Donna &amp; All,=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=
=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0=
=C2=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 =C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 Feb 8=
, 2016 <u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=
=A0 The book, The Hidden Life of Trees,=C2=A0should be interesting reading.=
 <u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 But=
 there is nothing mysterious about <span style=3D"font-family:&quot;Calibri=
&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">&quot;...for reasons unknown, keep the ancie=
nt stumps of long-felled companions alive for centuries by feeding them a s=
ugar solution through their roots.=E2=80=9D </span>This is root grafting pr=
acticed by Spruce sometimes, Hemlock always, Fir sometimes=C2=A0and Norway =
Maple. <u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0<u></u><u></u></p><p =
class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:13.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial=
&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0Root=C2=
=A0grafting is I suspect a reflection of somewhat hostile soil conditions a=
nd/or perhaps &#39;permanent woodland&#39; such that extension roots tend t=
o follow old root channels as opposed to </span><span style=3D"font-size:11=
.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black">=
=C2=A0</span><span style=3D"font-size:13.5pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,=
&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black">making a new one. When a root cap of tr=
ee A meets one of tree B they sometimes (always ?) unite and form a 2-way l=
ink. </span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-si=
ze:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:blac=
k">=C2=A0=C2=A0=C2=A0 </span><span style=3D"font-size:13.5pt;font-family:&q=
uot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black">Decades ago I came acro=
ss a great example of this at Dean Chapter Lake. The roots of the Spruce fo=
rest which had been killed by raising the water level for hydro were mostly=
 intact but exposed by wash. Every Spruce I saw was attached to two or more=
 Spruce by grafting.</span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0<=
u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:13.5pt;fon=
t-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black">Yt, Dave Web=
ster, Kentville</span><u></u><u></u></p></div><blockquote style=3D"border:n=
one;border-left:solid black 1.5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 4.0pt;margin-left:3.7=
5pt;margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt"><div><p class=3D=
"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&=
quot;sans-serif&quot;">----- Original Message ----- </span><u></u><u></u></=
p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"background:#e4e4e4"><strong><s=
pan style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-seri=
f&quot;">From:</span></strong><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&=
quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"> <a href=3D"mailto:dcrossland@east=
link.ca" target=3D"_blank">Donna Crossland</a> </span><u></u><u></u></p></d=
iv><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><strong><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font=
-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">To:</span></strong><span =
style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&qu=
ot;"> <a href=3D"mailto:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca" target=3D"_blank">naturens=
@chebucto.ns.ca</a> </span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNorm=
al"><strong><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&=
quot;sans-serif&quot;">Sent:</span></strong><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt=
;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"> Sunday, February 07=
, 2016 9:11 PM </span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><=
strong><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;=
sans-serif&quot;">Subject:</span></strong><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;f=
ont-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"> [NatureNS] two trees =
to buy a pizza or would we rather a car with the same two trees? </span><u>=
</u><u></u></p></div><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:1=
1.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black">T=
his forest article was forwarded to me by Jon Percy.=C2=A0 Bob Bancroft has=
 also circulated around to some, but it is worth ensuring that everyone see=
s it.=C2=A0 </span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0<u></u><u=
></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><a href=3D"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/3=
0/world/europe/german-forest-ranger-finds-that-trees-have-social-networks-t=
oo.html?hp&amp;action=3Dclick&amp;pgtype=3DHomepage&amp;clickSource=3Dstory=
-heading&amp;module=3Dsecond-column-region&amp;region=3Dtop-news&amp;WT.nav=
=3Dtop-news&amp;_r=3D0" target=3D"_blank">http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/30=
/world/europe/german-forest-ranger-finds-that-trees-have-social-networks-to=
o.html?hp&amp;action=3Dclick&amp;pgtype=3DHomepage&amp;clickSource=3Dstory-=
heading&amp;module=3Dsecond-column-region&amp;region=3Dtop-news&amp;WT.nav=
=3Dtop-news&amp;_r=3D0</a><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0<u=
></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font=
-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black;background:w=
hite">The parts I enjoyed-</span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal">=
=C2=A0<u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:11.=
0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black;back=
ground:white">=E2=80=9C=C2=A0in nature, trees operate less like individuals=
 and more as communal beings. Working together in networks and sharing reso=
urces, they increase their resistance.=E2=80=9D</span><u></u><u></u></p><p =
class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0<u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span st=
yle=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&qu=
ot;;color:black;background:white">=E2=80=9CIn one forest, they said, when t=
hey wanted to buy a car, they cut two trees. For us, at the time, two trees=
 would buy you a pizza.=E2=80=9D</span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNor=
mal">=C2=A0<u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-siz=
e:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black=
;background:white">=E2=80=9C that trees in the forest are social beings. Th=
ey can count, learn and remember; nurse sick neighbors; warn each other of =
danger by sending electrical signals across a fungal network known as the =
=E2=80=9CWood Wide Web=E2=80=9D; and, for reasons unknown, keep the ancient=
 stumps of long-felled companions alive for centuries by feeding them a sug=
ar solution through their roots.=E2=80=9D</span><u></u><u></u></p><p class=
=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0<u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=
=3D"font-size:14.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;=
;color:black">This should be required reading for all personnel who =E2=80=
=98manage=E2=80=99 our forests.</span><u></u><u></u></p><div><div><p class=
=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0<u></u><u></u></p><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=
=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;=
;color:black">If we want folks to relate to the forest on a more personal l=
evel, other than as a simple entity to mow down for relatively low profit, =
this way of describing our forests may be a good approach.</span><u></u><u>=
</u></p></div></div></div><p>No virus found in this message.<br>Checked by =
AVG - www.avg.com<br>V=
ersion: 2016.0.7441 / Virus Database: 4522/11564 - Release Date: 02/05/16<u=
></u><u></u></p></blockquote></blockquote><div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><br>=
=C2=A0 <u></u><u></u></p></div><p>No virus found in this message.<br>Checke=
d by AVG - www.avg.com=
<br>Version: 2016.0.7441 / Virus Database: 4522/11564 - Release Date: 02/05=
/16<u></u><u></u></p></blockquote></div></div><p class=3D"MsoNormal">=C2=A0=
<u></u><u></u></p></div></div><table border=3D"1" cellpadding=3D"0" style=
=3D"border:none;border-top:solid #aaabb6 1.0pt"><tr><td width=3D"105" style=
=3D"width:78.75pt;border:none;padding:11.25pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><p class=
=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top:22.5pt"><a href=3D"https://www.avast.com=
/sig-email" target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D"text-decoration:none"><img bor=
der=3D"0" src=3D"https://ipmcdn.avast.com/images/logo-avast-v1.png"></span>=
</a><u></u><u></u></p></td><td width=3D"470" style=3D"width:352.5pt;border:=
none;padding:15.0pt .75pt .75pt .75pt"><p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"marg=
in-top:22.5pt;line-height:13.5pt"><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-fami=
ly:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#41424e">This email has b=
een sent from a virus-free computer protected by Avast. <br><a href=3D"http=
s://www.avast.com/sig-email" target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D"color:#4453ea=
">www.avast.com</span></a> <u></u><u></u></span></p></td></tr></table><p>No=
 virus found in this message.<br>Checked by AVG - <a href=3D"http://www.avg=
.com" target=3D"_blank">www.avg.com</a><br>Version: 2016.0.7441 / Virus Dat=
abase: 4522/11564 - Release Date: 02/05/16<u></u><u></u></p></blockquote></=
div></div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></p></div></div><p>No =
virus found in this message.<br>Checked by AVG - <a href=3D"http://www.avg.=
com" target=3D"_blank">www.avg.com</a><br>Version: 2016.0.7441 / Virus Data=
base: 4522/11564 - Release Date: 02/05/16<u></u><u></u></p></div></div></bl=
ockquote></div></div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></p></div><=
p>No virus found in this message.<br>Checked by AVG - <a href=3D"http://www=
.avg.com" target=3D"_blank">www.avg.com</a><br>Version: 2016.0.7441 / Virus=
 Database: 4522/11564 - Release Date: 02/05/16<u></u><u></u></p></blockquot=
e></div></div><p class=3D"MsoNormal"><u></u>=C2=A0<u></u></p></div></div></=
div></div></blockquote></div>

--001a1143abf649dc13052b5650f9--

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