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There are also non-migratory populations in southern Florida, the =20
Caribbean and parts of South America. Florida butterflies are =20
typically wiped out every few years during bouts of freezing weather, =20=

and then replenished by in-migration from the eastern population.

Monarchs are also found in countries as diverse as New Zealand, =20
Australia, Spain and Portugal, and in parts of Micronesia. There are =20
even infrequent sightings in England, which raises for Dr. Oberhauser =20=

the possibility that the insects are occasionally being blown across =20
the Atlantic Ocean on winds from North America.

Researchers do not know how the butterflies arrive at places outside =20
the Americas, but suspect introductions by humans. Scientists do not =20
know what guides the butterflies on their annual migrations either, =20
nor how they are able to find their Mexican wintering sites, which =20
are found in a 10,000-square-kilometre belt of volcanic mountain =20
ranges and valleys in the central part of the country.

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<html><body style=3D"word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; =
-webkit-line-break: after-white-space; ">Globe and Mail, Tues., July 1, =
2008<div><br></div><div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: =
0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 31px; "><font =
face=3D"Trebuchet MS" size=3D"6" style=3D"font: 29.0px Trebuchet MS; =
letter-spacing: -1.0px"><b>Monarch butterflies can't get by on a wing =
and a prayer</b></font></div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: =
31px; "><font class=3D"Apple-style-span" face=3D"'Trebuchet MS'" =
size=3D"7"><span class=3D"Apple-style-span" style=3D"font-size: 29px; =
letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: =
normal;"><b><br></b></span></font></div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: =
18px; "><font face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: 12.0px =
Verdana"><b>MARTIN MITTELSTAEDT</b></font></div><div style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
line-height: 18px; "><font face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: =
12.0px Verdana">=46rom Tuesday's Globe and Mail</font></div><div =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; line-height: 18px; "><font face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3" =
style=3D"font: 12.0px Verdana">July 1, 2008 at 12:32 AM =
EDT</font></div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 18px; "><font =
class=3D"Apple-style-span" face=3D"Verdana"><span =
class=3D"Apple-style-span" style=3D"line-height: =
normal;"><br></span></font></div><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 12.0px =
0.0px; line-height: 18.0px"><font face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3" =
style=3D"font: 12.0px Verdana">The monarch is probably the best-known =
butterfly in the world, famed for the beautiful orange and black hues of =
its wings and its even more remarkable trait of undertaking an annual =
migratory journey of thousands of kilometres across North =
America.</font></p><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 12.0px 0.0px; =
line-height: 18.0px"><font face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: =
12.0px Verdana">Although millions of monarchs exist and the insect is =
not considered to be in danger of extinction, a new report warns that =
the butterfly's migration as a natural phenomenon is imperilled because =
of threats to its habitat. These include the widespread spraying, by =
farmers and municipal weed-control workers, of herbicides that kill the =
milkweed on which the monarch's larvae feed. Another problem is the =
conversion of fallow land into urban sprawl.</font></p><p style=3D"margin:=
 0.0px 0.0px 12.0px 0.0px; line-height: 18.0px"><font face=3D"Verdana" =
size=3D"3" style=3D"font: 12.0px Verdana">The migration of monarchs is =
=93among the most spectacular and unusual of the world's natural =
events,=94 says the report, but its decline =93is certain unless these =
threats are addressed.=94</font></p><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px =
12.0px 0.0px; line-height: 18.0px"><font face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3" =
style=3D"font: 12.0px Verdana">The report, issued by the Commission for =
Environmental Cooperation, the Montreal-based conservation watchdog for =
the North American free-trade agreement, also says Canada, the U.S. and =
Mexico each have a responsibility to protect the insect.</font></p> =
<br><img src=3D"cid:2FCD2463-A41F-4467-BE12-BBEDE92E4DBF@local"><div =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; line-height: 24px; font: normal normal normal =
16px/normal Verdana; min-height: 19px; "><br></div><div =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; line-height: 15px; "><font face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"2" =
color=3D"#0e215b" style=3D"font: 10.0px Verdana; color: #0e215b"><a =
href=3D"javascript:;">Enlarge Image</a></font></div> <br><img =
src=3D"cid:504FBDA0-8B4C-4A02-9A0F-0931C4DFCDC2@local"><div =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; line-height: 24px; font: normal normal normal =
16px/normal Verdana; min-height: 19px; "><br></div><p style=3D"margin: =
0.0px 0.0px 12.0px 0.0px; line-height: 18.0px"><font face=3D"Verdana" =
size=3D"3" style=3D"font: 12.0px Verdana">=93Habitat conservation and =
restoration are absolutely necessary for monarch survival,=94 the report =
says. Mexico and the U.S. have to ensure that a suitable habitat is =
available in their wintering grounds, while all three countries must =
ensure that a sufficient breeding and migrating habitat remains =
available.</font></p><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 12.0px 0.0px; =
line-height: 18.0px"><font face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: =
12.0px Verdana">=93Because monarchs depend upon a wide range of habitats =
in Canada, the United States and Mexico, conservation of the migratory =
phenomenon requires trilateral co-operation.=94</font></p><p =
style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 12.0px 0.0px; line-height: 18.0px"><font =
face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: 12.0px Verdana">The principle =
author of the report was Karen Oberhauser, an ecology professor at the =
University of Minnesota. In an interview, she said that even homeowners =
can help the butterflies by growing a few milkweed plants =96 along with =
nectar-producing flowers such as mints, daisies and coneflowers =96 =
around their homes. Adult butterflies need nectar to power their lengthy =
migrations.</font></p><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 12.0px 0.0px; =
line-height: 18.0px"><font face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: =
12.0px Verdana">=93If you think of the magnitude of suburban land and =
think, if all of that land was more appropriate habitat for monarchs =85 =
that would be a huge contribution.=94</font></p><p style=3D"margin: =
0.0px 0.0px 12.0px 0.0px; line-height: 18.0px"><font face=3D"Verdana" =
size=3D"3" style=3D"font: 12.0px Verdana">She also noted that pressure =
to plant more corn for use as ethanol could affect the monarchs; it =
takes marginal U.S. farmland that has been held fallow in conservation =
reserves and turns it into herbicide-sprayed cropland.</font></p><p =
style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 12.0px 0.0px; line-height: 18.0px"><font =
face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: 12.0px Verdana">Monarchs are =
the only butterfly to have an annual migration, with some of the insects =
in the eastern population flying more than 2,500 kilometres from =
Southern Canada to winter grounds in Mexico.</font></p><p style=3D"margin:=
 0.0px 0.0px 12.0px 0.0px; line-height: 18.0px"><font face=3D"Verdana" =
size=3D"3" style=3D"font: 12.0px Verdana">Although monarchs live and =
breed in Canada during the warmer months of the year, they are viewed as =
tropical insects because they cannot withstand the rigours of low winter =
temperatures in mid-latitude areas.</font></p><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px =
0.0px 12.0px 0.0px; line-height: 18.0px"><font face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3"=
 style=3D"font: 12.0px Verdana">There are two distinct populations of =
migratory butterflies in North America. One breeds in southern B.C. and =
adjacent areas of the western U.S. and winters in California, while the =
second breeds in the eastern U.S. and Eastern Canada and winters in =
Mexico. It is this eastern population that has the most spectacular =
migrations.</font></p><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 12.0px 0.0px; =
line-height: 18.0px"><font face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: =
12.0px Verdana">According to a Canadian population survey cited in the =
report, the eastern population passing through the Long Point area on =
the north shore of Lake Erie declined by 3 per cent over a study period =
lasting from 1995 to 2006.</font></p><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px =
12.0px 0.0px; line-height: 18.0px"><font face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3" =
style=3D"font: 12.0px Verdana">There are also non-migratory populations =
in southern Florida, the Caribbean and parts of South America. Florida =
butterflies are typically wiped out every few years during bouts of =
freezing weather, and then replenished by in-migration from the eastern =
population.</font></p><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 12.0px 0.0px; =
line-height: 18.0px"><font face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: =
12.0px Verdana">Monarchs are also found in countries as diverse as New =
Zealand, Australia, Spain and Portugal, and in parts of Micronesia. =
There are even infrequent sightings in England, which raises for Dr. =
Oberhauser the possibility that the insects are occasionally being blown =
across the Atlantic Ocean on winds from North America.</font></p><p =
style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 12.0px 0.0px; line-height: 18.0px"><font =
face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: 12.0px Verdana">Researchers =
do not know how the butterflies arrive at places outside the Americas, =
but suspect introductions by humans. Scientists do not know what guides =
the butterflies on their annual migrations either, nor how they are able =
to find their Mexican wintering sites, which are found in a =
10,000-square-kilometre belt of volcanic mountain ranges and valleys in =
the central part of the country.</font></p><div style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
line-height: 17px; "><font face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3" color=3D"#888888" =
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17px; "><font face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3" color=3D"#888888" style=3D"font:=
 11.0px Verdana; color: #888888">9 votes</font></div><div =
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