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There are also non-migratory populations in southern Florida, the =20 Caribbean and parts of South America. Florida butterflies are =20 typically wiped out every few years during bouts of freezing weather, =20= and then replenished by in-migration from the eastern population. Monarchs are also found in countries as diverse as New Zealand, =20 Australia, Spain and Portugal, and in parts of Micronesia. There are =20 even infrequent sightings in England, which raises for Dr. Oberhauser =20= the possibility that the insects are occasionally being blown across =20 the Atlantic Ocean on winds from North America. Researchers do not know how the butterflies arrive at places outside =20 the Americas, but suspect introductions by humans. Scientists do not =20 know what guides the butterflies on their annual migrations either, =20 nor how they are able to find their Mexican wintering sites, which =20 are found in a 10,000-square-kilometre belt of volcanic mountain =20 ranges and valleys in the central part of the country. RECOMMEND THIS ARTICLE? 9 votes View the most recommended Print E-mail Comments (5) Share License= --Boundary_(ID_BKsZ62gr7RpktQ5vfVoKaQ) Content-type: multipart/related; boundary="Boundary_(ID_CzzgqC4eiQzvRRTrNfg9qQ)"; type="text/html" --Boundary_(ID_CzzgqC4eiQzvRRTrNfg9qQ) Content-type: text/html; charset=WINDOWS-1252 Content-transfer-encoding: quoted-printable <html><body style=3D"word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; = -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; ">Globe and Mail, Tues., July 1, = 2008<div><br></div><div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: = 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 31px; "><font = face=3D"Trebuchet MS" size=3D"6" style=3D"font: 29.0px Trebuchet MS; = letter-spacing: -1.0px"><b>Monarch butterflies can't get by on a wing = and a prayer</b></font></div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; = margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: = 31px; "><font class=3D"Apple-style-span" face=3D"'Trebuchet MS'" = size=3D"7"><span class=3D"Apple-style-span" style=3D"font-size: 29px; = letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: = normal;"><b><br></b></span></font></div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; = margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: = 18px; "><font face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: 12.0px = Verdana"><b>MARTIN MITTELSTAEDT</b></font></div><div style=3D"margin-top: = 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; = line-height: 18px; "><font face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: = 12.0px Verdana">=46rom Tuesday's Globe and Mail</font></div><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; line-height: 18px; "><font face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3" = style=3D"font: 12.0px Verdana">July 1, 2008 at 12:32 AM = EDT</font></div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; = margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 18px; "><font = class=3D"Apple-style-span" face=3D"Verdana"><span = class=3D"Apple-style-span" style=3D"line-height: = normal;"><br></span></font></div><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 12.0px = 0.0px; line-height: 18.0px"><font face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3" = style=3D"font: 12.0px Verdana">The monarch is probably the best-known = butterfly in the world, famed for the beautiful orange and black hues of = its wings and its even more remarkable trait of undertaking an annual = migratory journey of thousands of kilometres across North = America.</font></p><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 12.0px 0.0px; = line-height: 18.0px"><font face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: = 12.0px Verdana">Although millions of monarchs exist and the insect is = not considered to be in danger of extinction, a new report warns that = the butterfly's migration as a natural phenomenon is imperilled because = of threats to its habitat. These include the widespread spraying, by = farmers and municipal weed-control workers, of herbicides that kill the = milkweed on which the monarch's larvae feed. Another problem is the = conversion of fallow land into urban sprawl.</font></p><p style=3D"margin:= 0.0px 0.0px 12.0px 0.0px; line-height: 18.0px"><font face=3D"Verdana" = size=3D"3" style=3D"font: 12.0px Verdana">The migration of monarchs is = =93among the most spectacular and unusual of the world's natural = events,=94 says the report, but its decline =93is certain unless these = threats are addressed.=94</font></p><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px = 12.0px 0.0px; line-height: 18.0px"><font face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3" = style=3D"font: 12.0px Verdana">The report, issued by the Commission for = Environmental Cooperation, the Montreal-based conservation watchdog for = the North American free-trade agreement, also says Canada, the U.S. and = Mexico each have a responsibility to protect the insect.</font></p> = <br><img src=3D"cid:2FCD2463-A41F-4467-BE12-BBEDE92E4DBF@local"><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; line-height: 24px; font: normal normal normal = 16px/normal Verdana; min-height: 19px; "><br></div><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; line-height: 15px; "><font face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"2" = color=3D"#0e215b" style=3D"font: 10.0px Verdana; color: #0e215b"><a = href=3D"javascript:;">Enlarge Image</a></font></div> <br><img = src=3D"cid:504FBDA0-8B4C-4A02-9A0F-0931C4DFCDC2@local"><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; line-height: 24px; font: normal normal normal = 16px/normal Verdana; min-height: 19px; "><br></div><p style=3D"margin: = 0.0px 0.0px 12.0px 0.0px; line-height: 18.0px"><font face=3D"Verdana" = size=3D"3" style=3D"font: 12.0px Verdana">=93Habitat conservation and = restoration are absolutely necessary for monarch survival,=94 the report = says. Mexico and the U.S. have to ensure that a suitable habitat is = available in their wintering grounds, while all three countries must = ensure that a sufficient breeding and migrating habitat remains = available.</font></p><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 12.0px 0.0px; = line-height: 18.0px"><font face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: = 12.0px Verdana">=93Because monarchs depend upon a wide range of habitats = in Canada, the United States and Mexico, conservation of the migratory = phenomenon requires trilateral co-operation.=94</font></p><p = style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 12.0px 0.0px; line-height: 18.0px"><font = face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: 12.0px Verdana">The principle = author of the report was Karen Oberhauser, an ecology professor at the = University of Minnesota. In an interview, she said that even homeowners = can help the butterflies by growing a few milkweed plants =96 along with = nectar-producing flowers such as mints, daisies and coneflowers =96 = around their homes. Adult butterflies need nectar to power their lengthy = migrations.</font></p><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 12.0px 0.0px; = line-height: 18.0px"><font face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: = 12.0px Verdana">=93If you think of the magnitude of suburban land and = think, if all of that land was more appropriate habitat for monarchs =85 = that would be a huge contribution.=94</font></p><p style=3D"margin: = 0.0px 0.0px 12.0px 0.0px; line-height: 18.0px"><font face=3D"Verdana" = size=3D"3" style=3D"font: 12.0px Verdana">She also noted that pressure = to plant more corn for use as ethanol could affect the monarchs; it = takes marginal U.S. farmland that has been held fallow in conservation = reserves and turns it into herbicide-sprayed cropland.</font></p><p = style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 12.0px 0.0px; line-height: 18.0px"><font = face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: 12.0px Verdana">Monarchs are = the only butterfly to have an annual migration, with some of the insects = in the eastern population flying more than 2,500 kilometres from = Southern Canada to winter grounds in Mexico.</font></p><p style=3D"margin:= 0.0px 0.0px 12.0px 0.0px; line-height: 18.0px"><font face=3D"Verdana" = size=3D"3" style=3D"font: 12.0px Verdana">Although monarchs live and = breed in Canada during the warmer months of the year, they are viewed as = tropical insects because they cannot withstand the rigours of low winter = temperatures in mid-latitude areas.</font></p><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px = 0.0px 12.0px 0.0px; line-height: 18.0px"><font face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3"= style=3D"font: 12.0px Verdana">There are two distinct populations of = migratory butterflies in North America. One breeds in southern B.C. and = adjacent areas of the western U.S. and winters in California, while the = second breeds in the eastern U.S. and Eastern Canada and winters in = Mexico. It is this eastern population that has the most spectacular = migrations.</font></p><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 12.0px 0.0px; = line-height: 18.0px"><font face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: = 12.0px Verdana">According to a Canadian population survey cited in the = report, the eastern population passing through the Long Point area on = the north shore of Lake Erie declined by 3 per cent over a study period = lasting from 1995 to 2006.</font></p><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px = 12.0px 0.0px; line-height: 18.0px"><font face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3" = style=3D"font: 12.0px Verdana">There are also non-migratory populations = in southern Florida, the Caribbean and parts of South America. Florida = butterflies are typically wiped out every few years during bouts of = freezing weather, and then replenished by in-migration from the eastern = population.</font></p><p style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 12.0px 0.0px; = line-height: 18.0px"><font face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: = 12.0px Verdana">Monarchs are also found in countries as diverse as New = Zealand, Australia, Spain and Portugal, and in parts of Micronesia. = There are even infrequent sightings in England, which raises for Dr. = Oberhauser the possibility that the insects are occasionally being blown = across the Atlantic Ocean on winds from North America.</font></p><p = style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 12.0px 0.0px; line-height: 18.0px"><font = face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: 12.0px Verdana">Researchers = do not know how the butterflies arrive at places outside the Americas, = but suspect introductions by humans. Scientists do not know what guides = the butterflies on their annual migrations either, nor how they are able = to find their Mexican wintering sites, which are found in a = 10,000-square-kilometre belt of volcanic mountain ranges and valleys in = the central part of the country.</font></p><div style=3D"margin-top: = 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; = line-height: 17px; "><font face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3" color=3D"#888888" = style=3D"font: 11.0px Verdana; color: #888888"><b>RECOMMEND THIS = ARTICLE?</b></font></div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: = 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 17px; font: = normal normal normal 11px/normal Verdana; color: rgb(14, 33, 91); = min-height: 13px; "><br></div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; = margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: = 17px; "><font face=3D"Verdana" size=3D"3" color=3D"#888888" style=3D"font:= 11.0px Verdana; color: #888888">9 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