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Order Lepidoptera

(Butterflies and Moths)

Soil & Water Conservation Society of Metro Halifax (SWCSMH)

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Updated: October 09, 2013      Freshwater Benthic Ecology and Aquatic Entomology Homepage


Contents:



Linnean system of hierarchical classification (Williams & Feltmate, 1992):


Introduction

Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) are closely related to Trichoptera, having diverged from the Trichoptera probably in the early Mesozoic. They belong to the infraclass Neoptera, division Endopterygota. The larvae of only one family of moths, the Pyralidae, have become truly aquatic.


Life History

Lepidopterans are holometabolous and have 1 to 3 generations per year. Larvae of most species go through 4 or 5 instars before pupating underwater in silken cocoons spun inside either the larval case or the oval pupal case. Adults live for at most 2 weeks. The females of some species are larger than the males.


Habitat and Distribution

(Williams & Feltmate, 1992)

FamilyHabitat
Pyralidaelakes & ponds, on aquatic macrophytes (submerged & floating); emergent vegetation; rapid streams & rivers, on cobbles or bedrock; bog pools- includes both free-living forms & leaf miners/stem borers
Nepticulidaelakes & ponds, on aquatic macrophytes especially in emergent zone- primarily leaf miners & stem borers
Cosmopterigidaelakes & ponds, on aquatic macrophytes especially in emergent zone; often in mosses, lichens & algae at margins- primarily stem borers & leaf miners, with some free-living forms
Noctuidaelakes & ponds, on floating and emergent macrophytes- generally leaf miners/stem borers, with some free-living forms
Tortricidaelakes & ponds, on floating & emergent macrophytes- leaf miners & stem borers


Feeding

Like their terrestrial counterparts, aquatic caterpillars are strictly herbivorous. The lentic species are leaf miners, shredders, or stem borers. Some lotic species have mandibles specialized for scraping periphyton from stones and have been reported to compete with purse-case-making caddisfly larvae for algae. As adults, many aquatic moths are known to feed on plant nectar an will drink water.


Indicator value

Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) are closely related to Trichoptera, having diverged from the Trichoptera probably in the early Mesozoic. Like their terrestrial counterparts, aquatic caterpillars are strictly herbivorous.

One species, Petrophila jaliscalis, is considered an indicator of eutrophic conditions; it can tolerate low oxygen conditions, moderately high temperatures, reduced water flows and enrichment (Mackie, G.L. 1998. Applied Aquatic Ecosystem Concepts. University of Guelph Custom Coursepack. 12 chapters.).


References and web URLs:





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