[NatureNS] Fwd: Catling & company on invasive Phragmites in the Maritimes

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From: Nick Hill <fernhillns@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 19 Jun 2020 10:19:47 -0300
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&gt; 2003) 
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we risk counting the increased numbers of rare species outside of native
habitat as conservation gains.
Rare native species are valuable as on board indicators of habitat integrit=
y
conundrum, i know
Nick




On Wed, Jun 17, 2020 at 8:54 AM David Simpson <david.sonsimp@gmail.com>
wrote:

> I have a swampy spot on my small property in Windsor where I would like t=
o
> establish native phragmites. If anyone knows of a patch nearby please rea=
ch
> out.
>
> *Dave in Curry's Corner*
>
> David Simpson
> (902) 580 8007
> david.sonsimp@gmail.com
>
>
> On Mon, Jun 15, 2020 at 9:25 PM Nick Hill <fernhillns@gmail.com> wrote:
>
>> * Phragmites australis *ssp.* australis *occurs at various places on
>> many of the 100 series highways (103, 101, 102 , 107 ). While it is good=
 to
>> eliminate the plant where feasible, there is a trade-off between the pai=
n
>> (e.g. the disturbance of herbiciding areas of the Tantramar) and the gai=
n.
>> From a terrestrial wetland point of view, I can't vouch for the
>> biodiversity value of the Tantramar--it seems an anthropogenically
>> disturbed landscape, but correct me if mistaken. There are good reasons =
to
>> eliminate *Phragmites australis *ssp.* australis *where it is scattered
>> along these 100 series highways because they are small patches and condu=
its
>> to high biodiversity wetlands throughout the province...e.g. the marshes=
 of
>> the Musquodoboit valley or riparian marshes of SW Nova that support the
>> native subspecies *americanus. *
>>
>> The native subspecies is more delicate, the culms are thinner-- usually
>> reddish (vs. green-yellow)--and in my experience, they are most common o=
n
>> wind-exposed, lakeshore fens. While ssp americanus has a S4 ranking, I
>> would say it was rare.
>> Nick
>>
>>
>> On Mon, Jun 15, 2020 at 12:13 PM Frederick W. Schueler <bckcdb@istar.ca>
>> wrote:
>>
>>> Maritimers,
>>>
>>> Listening to the discussion of the Tantramar marshes on the Sunday
>>> Edition yesterday, and not hearing any discussion of invasive European
>>> Phragmites there, I'm forwarding this warning from 2004, and from 2010 =
-
>>>
>>> https://karstaddailypaintings.blogspot.com/2010/10/view-from-beausejour=
.html
>>> - in the hopes that there's some possibility of action.
>>>
>>> from the 2010 report: "This is the one place in the Maritimes where the
>>> invasive European Phragmites australis subspecies australis has been
>>> reported, so we are interested in seeing how conditions here compare to
>>> what we'd observed elsewhere in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia... we
>>> drove the busy road across the marshes both ways, waypointing stands an=
d
>>> taking representative specimens...
>>>
>>> "The first thing we noticed was that the stands were very distinctly
>>> divided into native-like and invasive-like kinds: we counted 11 alien
>>> and 7 native stands, and only 1 that we called ambiguous, though the
>>> natives graded out into little whisps, and we doubtless missed some of
>>> these which an observer on foot could have waypointed. The most strikin=
g
>>> feature of this difference was the persistent green foliage of the
>>> aliens, in contrast to the shriveled get-ready-for-winter brown of the
>>> natives (one often sees that alien plants from NW Europe retain green
>>> leaves far longer than native plants do).
>>>
>>> "Those on NatureNS will remember that throughout Nova Scotia we were
>>> perplexed by the intermediacy and confusing morphology of the majority
>>> of the Phragmites stands we sampled there: at Tantramar there was no
>>> ambiguity, and the natives didn't look much different from the ones we
>>> see in Ontario".
>>>
>>> Those of us in Ontario have seen how completely the invasive Phragmites
>>> can take over wide areas, and really wish action could be taken in the
>>> Maritimes before the task becomes impossible.
>>>
>>> fred.
>>> =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D
>>>
>>> -------- Forwarded Message --------
>>> Subject: Catling & company on invasive Phragmites in the Maritimes (&
>>> Nfld)
>>> Date: Tue, 16 Mar 2004 10:39:08 -0500
>>> From: Frederick W. Schueler <bckcdb@istar.ca>
>>> Organization: Bishops Mills Natural History Centre
>>> To: NATURENB@LISTSERV.UNB.CA <NATURENB@LISTSERV.UNB.CA>
>>>
>>> New Brunswickers,
>>>
>>> I urge you to read the appended article (which has just come out in
>>> BEN), very carefully, and to take action to suppress stands of the alie=
n
>>> race. All you need to do is to drive along the eastern shore of NB, and
>>> then drive along the shore roads of New Jersey (solid alien Phragmites
>>> as far as the eye can see), to envisage just what you don't want your
>>> province to become. The Fundy shore is more different from New Jersey,
>>> so the geomorphic comparison isn't so close, but solid stands of
>>> Phragmites would be equally undesireable there.
>>>
>>> fred.
>>> ------------------------------------------------------------
>>> ------------------------------------------------------------
>>> BOTANICAL ELECTRONIC NEWS No. 324, March 16, 2004
>>> <aceska@victoria.tc.ca>                Victoria, B.C.
>>> -----------------------------------------------------------
>>>   Dr. A. Ceska, P.O.Box 8546, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 3S2
>>> -----------------------------------------------------------
>>>
>>> STATUS OF THE ALIEN RACE OF COMMON REED (_PHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS_)
>>> IN THE CANADIAN MARITIME PROVINCES
>>> From:  Paul  M.  Catling*,  Gisele  Mitrow*,  Lynn Black*, Susan
>>>     Carbyn**
>>>     * Agriculture and AgriFood Canada,
>>>     Environmental Health, Biodiversity,
>>>     Saunders Bldg., C.E.F., Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6
>>>     catlingp@agr.gc.ca
>>>     **Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
>>>     Environmental Health, Biodiversity
>>>     32 Main Street, Kentville, Nova Scotia B4N 1J5
>>>
>>> An alien race of Common Reed (presumably  the  European  _Phrag-
>>> mites australis_ (Cav.) Trin. ssp. _australis_) has been rapidly
>>> spreading  along  roadsides and invading and dominating wetlands
>>> in parts of southern Ontario and Quebec since  the  early  1990s
>>> (Schueler  2000a,  b,  Robichaud  & Catling 2003, Catling et al.
>>> 2003). The invasion and domination of native  plant  communities
>>> led  to  a  substantial  reduction  in native biodiversity (e.g.
>>> Catling et al. 2003, Lavoie et  al.  2003).  Very  recently  the
>>> status  of  the  alien race has been clarified in other parts of
>>> Canada (e.g. Martin 2003, Schueler et al. 2003). However, in the
>>> Canadian maritime provinces its status has  been  unclear  until
>>> recently  when  both  field  study  and  a database of herbarium
>>> records was completed. The herbarium records  database  includes
>>> data  from  all major herbarium collections in Canada (including
>>> those of particular importance with regard to the maritimes such
>>> as ACAD, CAN, DAO, MT, MTMG, NFLD,  NSPM,  UNB).  The  value  of
>>> herbarium  specimens  in  understanding  status  and  spread was
>>> increased when a method of distinguishing the  races  using  the
>>> floral  character  of  lower  glume  length (Robichaud & Catling
>>> 2003) made it possible  to  identify  many  herbarium  specimens
>>> lacking  the  distinctive  lower stem characters.  The alien in-
>>> vasive race was distinguished from the  native  race  by  having
>>> first  glumes  4.1  mm  long  or  less and lower stem internodes
>>> yellow or brownish instead of reddish-purple  (Robichaud  &  Ca-
>>> tling  2003). A chemical method for distinguishing the races has
>>> also recently become available (Saltonstall 2003). The following
>>> notes, arranged  by  province,  are  derived  from  response  to
>>> several  questions regarding the status of the alien race in the
>>> maritime region.
>>>
>>> NEWFOUNDLAND:
>>>
>>> The only record is that of a specimen  collected  from  Stephen-
>>> ville  Barachois  by  R.  Day in 1991 (DAO). The native race has
>>> apparently not been recorded in the province.
>>>
>>> NEW BRUNSWICK:
>>>
>>> Of the locations mapped by  Hinds  (2000,  p.  606),  only  that
>>> collected  from  2 km S of Beaver Dam in Sunbury County by H. R.
>>> Hinds in 1981 (MTMG, UNB) was referable to the introduced  race.
>>> A  depauperate specimen from the salt marsh at St. Louis Cape in
>>> Kent County collected by P. R. Roberts and B. Pugh in 1965 (UNB)
>>> has a lower glumes approx. 4.0 mm long but lacks  stem  and  was
>>> not assigned to race. In 2003 the alien race was collected by P.
>>> M.  Catling  at  two  locations  on  the Trans Canada highway at
>>> Sackville (DAO). Here it occurred within 20 m of the paved  edge
>>> of  the  highway.  From  here  it  may  spread into the adjacent
>>> Tantramar  Marshes  and  displace  the  native   race   of   _P.
>>> australis_,    (which    is   presumably   referable   to   ssp.
>>> _berlandieri_, see Fernald 1932). Schueler (2000b,  2002)  found
>>> _Phragmites  australis_  absent from sides of major roads in New
>>> Brunswick (and Prince Edward Island) so that the  occurrence  in
>>> the Sackville area along the major highway is almost certainly a
>>> recent  phenomenon.  This  conclusion  is supported by the small
>>> size of the clones present, i.e. only several m2.
>>>
>>> PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND:
>>>
>>> At the present time only the native race is  known  from  Prince
>>> Edward  Island  and it is considered rare in the province (Day &
>>> Catling 1991). It was collected from the Dunk River  estuary  in
>>> Bedeque  by  M. L. Fernald and H. St. John in 1914 (CAN, MT) and
>>> later by D. Erskine and A. J. Smith in 1953  (DAO,  MT).  Plants
>>> reported  from  Lennox Island (Day & Catling 1991) have not been
>>> seen.
>>>
>>> NOVA SCOTIA:
>>>
>>>   Most of the locations mapped for Nova Scotia  (Roland  &  Smith
>>> 1969,  Zinck 1998) represent the native race. The obvious excep-
>>> tions are the specimens from Annapolis Royal and Bridgetown. The
>>> alien race was first collected  at  Annapolis  Royal  in  by  J.
>>> Macoun  in  1910 (CAN), and subsequently by M. L. Fernald and B.
>>> Long in 1921 (ACAD, CAN, MT), by H. E. Perry and M. V. Roscoe in
>>> 1928 (ACAD), by G. C. Warren in 1938 (ACAD), W. G. Dore in  1940
>>> (DAO),  F. Kinsman in 1949 (DAO), M. S. Brown in 1949 (NSPM), P.
>>> Douglas in 1949 (NSPM), J. R. Jotchan in 1978 (ACAD), E.  Specht
>>> in  1979  (ACAD),  P.  M. Catling, S. Carbyn and J. Achenbach in
>>> 2003 (DAO). It is believed in Annapolis  Royal  that  the  alien
>>> race  was introduced with straw on trains carrying Elephants and
>>> other circus animals in the early  1900s  (J.  Achenbach,  pers.
>>> comm.).  It  is  locally called Elephant Grass. For many decades
>>> the occurrence of this gigantic (to 4  m  tall  in  one  season)
>>> grass  in and around Annapolis Royal was recognized as a remark-
>>> able occurrence. Interestingly the Common  Reed  growing  around
>>> Annapolis  Royal  was used to thatch a restored Acadian dwelling
>>> in the same way that the Acadians used the native race. Prior to
>>> the dyking which began around 1700, the  native  race  may  have
>>> been much more abundant in the Fundy tidal marshes.
>>>
>>> The alien race was also recorded relatively early at Bridgetown.
>>> Here  H.  G.  Perry  and  M. V. Roscoe made a collection in 1928
>>> (ACAD, MTMG, NSPM). Despite the continuity of  collections  from
>>> Annapolis  Royal,  there  was  a  gap  of 44 years until another
>>> locality of the alien race was recorded, this being  from  South
>>> Brookfield  where  it  was  collected  by P. L. Comeau and J. M.
>>> Stanley in 1972 (NSPM). There are several  more  recent  collec-
>>> tions;  Big Pine Lake by M. Zinck and R. Ogilvie in 1992 (NSPM),
>>> Sable River by R.E. and R.B. Newell in 1993 (ACAD),  south  side
>>> of  Annapolis  River at Middleton by P.M. Catling in 2003 (DAO),
>>> junction of Trans Canada Highway 104 at Highway  102  by  P.  M.
>>> Catling  (DAO),  Highway  101  at Grand Pr=C3=A9 by S. Carbyn in 2003
>>> (DAO), 2 km W of Dodge Road overpass on Hwy 101 3 km W  of  exit
>>> 17  (Kingston/Greenwood)  by  S.  Carbyn in 2003 (DAO),1 km W of
>>> exit 16 Hwy 101(Aylesford exit) by S. Carbyn in 2003.  All  of
>>> these  are  within 20 m of a paved road suggesting that vehicles
>>> and roads are the means and pathway of invasion.
>>>
>>> Conclusions
>>>
>>> Although the alien race  became  established  in  the  maritimes
>>> almost  100  years  ago, it appears to have spread only recently
>>> and is apparently spreading  by  means  of  vehicle  traffic  on
>>> roads.  This parallels the situation elsewhere in eastern Canada
>>> (Catling et al. 2003).  Although  the  alien  race  is  invading
>>> agricultural  land, including cornfields in southern Quebec, its
>>> most serious impact to date has been the replacement of  diverse
>>> native vegetation in wetlands with significant loss of biodiver-
>>> sity  in  general.  Considering  its  impact on Atlantic coastal
>>> marshes in the United States (e.g. Blossey 2002,  Marks  et  al.
>>> 1994,  Meyerson  et  al.  2000),  marshes along the St. Lawrence
>>> River (e.g. Lavoie et al. 2003) and wetlands in southern Ontario
>>> (pers. ob.), it is considered a threat to  the  biodiversity  of
>>> the  Bay  of  Fundy  marshes.  Since its spread into much of the
>>> region is recent, there is an opportunity for regional  control,
>>> especially  around major brackish marshes. For example, invasion
>>> of the upper levels of the Tantramar Marshes, at the head of the
>>> Bay of Fundy, may be prevented by eliminating  patches  invading
>>> along  the  Trans  Canada  highway (hwy 104), and monitoring the
>>> adjacent marshlands.
>>>
>>> Acknowlegements
>>>
>>> Jef Achenbach of Annapolis Royal assisted with field work in the
>>> Annapolis valley region.  The  development  of  a  database  was
>>> supported by the Federal Biodiversity Information Partnership.
>>>
>>> References
>>>
>>> Blossey,  B.  2002. Replacement of native North American _Phrag-
>>>     mites australis_ by introduced invasive genotypes. _Botanical
>>>     Electronic News_ 284: 1-3.
>>>     http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben284.html
>>> Catling, P. M., F. W. Schueler, L.  Robichaud  and  B.  Blossey.
>>>     2003.  More  on  _Phragmites_  - native and introduced races.
>>>     _Canadian Botanical Association Bulletin_ 36(1): 4 - 7.
>>> Erskine, D. S. 1985.  _The  plants  of  Prince  Edward  Island_.
>>>     Research  Branch, Agriculture Canada publication 1798 (publi-
>>>     cation 1088, 1960, reprinted). 272 p.
>>> Fernald, M. L. 1932. _Phragmites communis_ Trin.  var.  _berlan-
>>>     dieri_ (Fournier) comb. nov. _Rhodora_ 34: 211-212.
>>> Hinds,  H.  R.  2000.  _Flora  of  New  Brunswick_. 2nd edition.
>>>     University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick.  695
>>>     p.
>>> Lavoie,  C., M. Jean, F. Delisle and G. Letourneau. 2003. Exotic
>>>     plant species of the St. Lawrence River wetlands:  a  spatial
>>>     and  historical  analysis. _Journal of Biogeography_ 30: 537-
>>>     549.
>>> Marks, M., B. Lapin and J. Randall. 1994. _Phragmites australis_
>>>     (_P.  communis_):  Threats,   management,   and   monitoring.
>>>     _Natural Areas Journal_ 14: 285-294.
>>> Martin,  M.  2003.  Common  Reed (_Phragmites australis_) in the
>>>     Okanagan  Valley,  British   Columbia,   Canada.   _Botanical
>>>     Electronic News_ 318: 1.
>>>     http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben318.html
>>> Meyerson,  L.  A., K. Saltonstall, L. Windham, E. Kiviat, and S.
>>>     Findlay. 2000. A  comparison  of  _Phragmites  australis_  in
>>>     freshwater  and brackish marsh environments in North America.
>>>     _Wetlands Ecology and Management_ 8: 89-103
>>> Robichaud, L. and P. M. Catling, 2003. Potential value of  glume
>>>     length  in  differentiating  native and alien races of Common
>>>     Reed, _Phragmites  australis_.  _Botanical  Electronic  News_
>>>     310: 1-3.
>>>     http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben310.html
>>> Roland,  A.E.  and E.C. Smith. 1969. _The flora of Nova Scotia_.
>>>     Nova Scotia Museum. Reprinted from _Proceedings of  the  Nova
>>>     Scotian Institute of Science_, 26: 1-238, 277-743.
>>> Saltonstall,  K. 2003. A rapid method for identifying the origin
>>>     of North American Phragmites populations using RFLP analysis.
>>>     Wetlands 23(4): 1043-1047.
>>> Schueler, F. W. 2000a. Monster Grass an Invasive or Native. _SER
>>>     Ontario News  (Newsletter  of  the  Ontario  Chapter  of  the
>>>     Society  for Ecological Restoration_) 6(1), Spring 2000. 2 p.
>>>     www.serontario.org/pdfs/may00.pdf
>>> Schueler, F. W. 2000b. GPS Surveys for  _Phragmites_  and  other
>>>     invasives.  _SER  Ontario  News  (Newsletter  of  the Ontario
>>>     Chapter of the Society  for  Ecological  Restoration_)  6(1),
>>>     Spring 2000. 2pp. www.serontario.org/pdfs/may00.pdf
>>> Schueler,  F.  W. 2002. Distribution of roadside _Phragmites_ in
>>>     Canada. _Phragmites australis_: A Sheep in  Wolf's  Clothing?
>>>     _Technical  Forum  6-9  January  2002,  Vineland New Jersey_,
>>>     abstract pp 27-28.
>>> Schueler, F. W., A. Karstad and J. H. Schueler. 2003. Non-native
>>>     _Phragmites  communis_  in   British   Columbia.   _Botanical
>>>     Electronic News_ 315: 1
>>>     http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben315.html
>>> Zinck,  M.  1998.  _Roland's  flora of Nova Scotia_. Nimbus Pub-
>>>     lishing and Nova Scotia Musem. Halifax. 2 vol. 1296 p.
>>>
>>>
>>> --
>>> ------------------------------------------------------------
>>>           Frederick W. Schueler & Aleta Karstad
>>>           Fragile Inheritance Natural History
>>> Mudpuppy Night in Oxford Mills - https://www.facebook.com/MudpuppyNight=
/
>>> 'Daily' Paintings - http://karstaddailypaintings.blogspot.com/
>>> 4 St-Lawrence Street Bishops Mills, RR#2 Oxford Station, Ontario K0G 1T=
0
>>>    on the Smiths Falls Limestone Plain  44.87156=C2=B0 N 75.70095=C2=B0=
 W
>>> (613)258-3107 <bckcdb at istar.ca> http://pinicola.ca/
>>> ------------------------------------------------------------
>>>   nationally recognized as incapable of generating a net income from ou=
r
>>> work -
>>>
>>> http://www.wwf.ca/newsroom/?31661/Glen-Davis-Conservation-Leadership-Pr=
ize
>>> ------------------------------------------------------------
>>>
>>
>>
>> --
>> Dr. N.M.Hill
>> Fern Hill Institute of Plant Conservation
>> 424 Bentley Road, Berwick, NS, B0P 1E0
>>
>> phone 902-698-0416
>>
>

--=20
Dr. N.M.Hill
Fern Hill Institute of Plant Conservation
424 Bentley Road, Berwick, NS, B0P 1E0

phone 902-698-0416

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<div dir=3D"ltr"><div class=3D"gmail_default" style=3D"">we risk counting t=
he increased numbers of rare species outside of native habitat as conservat=
ion gains.</div><div class=3D"gmail_default" style=3D"">Rare native species=
 are valuable as on board indicators of habitat integrity</div><div class=
=3D"gmail_default" style=3D"">conundrum, i know</div><div class=3D"gmail_de=
fault" style=3D"">Nick</div><div class=3D"gmail_default" style=3D""><br></d=
iv><div class=3D"gmail_default" style=3D""><br></div><div class=3D"gmail_de=
fault" style=3D""><br></div></div><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=
=3D"ltr" class=3D"gmail_attr">On Wed, Jun 17, 2020 at 8:54 AM David Simpson=
 &lt;david.sonsimp@gmail.com=
&gt; wrote:<br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px =
0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div=
 dir=3D"ltr"><div>I have a swampy spot on my small property in Windsor wher=
e I would like to establish native phragmites. If anyone knows of a patch n=
earby please reach out.</div><br clear=3D"all"><div><div dir=3D"ltr"><div d=
ir=3D"ltr"><div><div dir=3D"ltr"><div><div dir=3D"ltr"><div><div dir=3D"ltr=
"><div><div dir=3D"ltr"><div><div dir=3D"ltr"><div dir=3D"ltr"><div style=
=3D"font-size:small"><i style=3D"color:rgb(255,0,0);font-size:large">Dave i=
n Curry&#39;s Corner</i></div><div style=3D"font-size:small"><i style=3D"co=
lor:rgb(255,0,0);font-size:large"><br></i></div><div><div><div dir=3D"ltr">=
<div><font color=3D"#000000" size=3D"2">David Simpson</font></div><div dir=
=3D"ltr"><font color=3D"#000000" size=3D"2">(902) 580 8007</font></div><div=
><font color=3D"#000000" size=3D"2"><a href=3D"mailto:david.sonsimp@gmail.c=
om" target=3D"_blank">david.sonsimp@gmail.com</a></font></div></div></div><=
/div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></di=
v></div></div><br></div><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"ltr" cla=
ss=3D"gmail_attr">On Mon, Jun 15, 2020 at 9:25 PM Nick Hill &lt;<a href=3D"=
mailto:fernhillns@gmail.com" target=3D"_blank">fernhillns@gmail.com</a>&gt;=
 wrote:<br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px =
0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir=
=3D"ltr"><div class=3D"gmail_default"><i>=C2=A0Phragmites australis </i>ssp=
.<i> australis </i>occurs at various places on many of the 100 series highw=
ays (103, 101, 102 , 107 ). While it is good to eliminate the plant where f=
easible, there is a trade-off between the pain (e.g. the disturbance of her=
biciding areas of the Tantramar) and the gain. From a terrestrial wetland p=
oint of view, I can&#39;t vouch for the biodiversity value of the Tantramar=
--it seems an anthropogenically disturbed landscape, but correct me if mist=
aken. There are good reasons to eliminate=C2=A0<i>Phragmites australis </i>=
ssp.<i> australis </i>where it is scattered along these 100 series highways=
 because they are small patches and conduits to high biodiversity=C2=A0wetl=
ands throughout the province...e.g. the marshes of the Musquodoboit valley =
or riparian marshes of SW Nova that support the native subspecies <i>americ=
anus.=C2=A0</i></div><div class=3D"gmail_default"><br></div><div class=3D"g=
mail_default">The native subspecies is more delicate, the culms are thinner=
-- usually reddish (vs. green-yellow)--and=C2=A0in my experience, they are =
most common on wind-exposed, lakeshore fens. While ssp americanus has a S4 =
ranking, I would say it was rare.</div><div class=3D"gmail_default">Nick</d=
iv><div class=3D"gmail_default"><font size=3D"4"><i><br></i></font></div></=
div><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D"gmail_attr">On=
 Mon, Jun 15, 2020 at 12:13 PM Frederick W. Schueler &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:=
bckcdb@istar.ca" target=3D"_blank">bckcdb@istar.ca</a>&gt; wrote:<br></div>=
<blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-=
left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">Maritimers,<br>
<br>
Listening to the discussion of the Tantramar marshes on the Sunday <br>
Edition yesterday, and not hearing any discussion of invasive European <br>
Phragmites there, I&#39;m forwarding this warning from 2004, and from 2010 =
- <br>
<a href=3D"https://karstaddailypaintings.blogspot.com/2010/10/view-from-bea=
usejour.html" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">https://karstaddailypain=
tings.blogspot.com/2010/10/view-from-beausejour.html</a> <br>
- in the hopes that there&#39;s some possibility of action.<br>
<br>
from the 2010 report: &quot;This is the one place in the Maritimes where th=
e <br>
invasive European Phragmites australis subspecies australis has been <br>
reported, so we are interested in seeing how conditions here compare to <br=
>
what we&#39;d observed elsewhere in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia... we <br=
>
drove the busy road across the marshes both ways, waypointing stands and <b=
r>
taking representative specimens...<br>
<br>
&quot;The first thing we noticed was that the stands were very distinctly <=
br>
divided into native-like and invasive-like kinds: we counted 11 alien <br>
and 7 native stands, and only 1 that we called ambiguous, though the <br>
natives graded out into little whisps, and we doubtless missed some of <br>
these which an observer on foot could have waypointed. The most striking <b=
r>
feature of this difference was the persistent green foliage of the <br>
aliens, in contrast to the shriveled get-ready-for-winter brown of the <br>
natives (one often sees that alien plants from NW Europe retain green <br>
leaves far longer than native plants do).<br>
<br>
&quot;Those on NatureNS will remember that throughout Nova Scotia we were <=
br>
perplexed by the intermediacy and confusing morphology of the majority <br>
of the Phragmites stands we sampled there: at Tantramar there was no <br>
ambiguity, and the natives didn&#39;t look much different from the ones we =
<br>
see in Ontario&quot;.<br>
<br>
Those of us in Ontario have seen how completely the invasive Phragmites <br=
>
can take over wide areas, and really wish action could be taken in the <br>
Maritimes before the task becomes impossible.<br>
<br>
fred.<br>
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
=3D=3D<br>
<br>
-------- Forwarded Message --------<br>
Subject: Catling &amp; company on invasive Phragmites in the Maritimes (&am=
p; Nfld)<br>
Date: Tue, 16 Mar 2004 10:39:08 -0500<br>
From: Frederick W. Schueler &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:bckcdb@istar.ca" target=
=3D"_blank">bckcdb@istar.ca</a>&gt;<br>
Organization: Bishops Mills Natural History Centre<br>
To: <a href=3D"mailto:NATURENB@LISTSERV.UNB.CA" target=3D"_blank">NATURENB@=
LISTSERV.UNB.CA</a> &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:NATURENB@LISTSERV.UNB.CA" target=
=3D"_blank">NATURENB@LISTSERV.UNB.CA</a>&gt;<br>
<br>
New Brunswickers,<br>
<br>
I urge you to read the appended article (which has just come out in<br>
BEN), very carefully, and to take action to suppress stands of the alien<br=
>
race. All you need to do is to drive along the eastern shore of NB, and<br>
then drive along the shore roads of New Jersey (solid alien Phragmites<br>
as far as the eye can see), to envisage just what you don&#39;t want your<b=
r>
province to become. The Fundy shore is more different from New Jersey,<br>
so the geomorphic comparison isn&#39;t so close, but solid stands of<br>
Phragmites would be equally undesireable there.<br>
<br>
fred.<br>
------------------------------------------------------------<br>
------------------------------------------------------------<br>
BOTANICAL ELECTRONIC NEWS No. 324, March 16, 2004<br>
&lt;<a href=3D"mailto:aceska@victoria.tc.ca" target=3D"_blank">aceska@victo=
ria.tc.ca</a>&gt;=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 Vi=
ctoria, B.C.<br>
-----------------------------------------------------------<br>
=C2=A0 Dr. A. Ceska, P.O.Box 8546, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 3S2<br>
-----------------------------------------------------------<br>
<br>
STATUS OF THE ALIEN RACE OF COMMON REED (_PHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS_)<br>
IN THE CANADIAN MARITIME PROVINCES<br>
From:=C2=A0 Paul=C2=A0 M.=C2=A0 Catling*,=C2=A0 Gisele=C2=A0 Mitrow*,=C2=A0=
 Lynn Black*, Susan<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 Carbyn**<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 * Agriculture and AgriFood Canada,<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 Environmental Health, Biodiversity,<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 Saunders Bldg., C.E.F., Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 <a href=3D"mailto:catlingp@agr.gc.ca" target=3D"_blank">catli=
ngp@agr.gc.ca</a><br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 **Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 Environmental Health, Biodiversity<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 32 Main Street, Kentville, Nova Scotia B4N 1J5<br>
<br>
An alien race of Common Reed (presumably=C2=A0 the=C2=A0 European=C2=A0 _Ph=
rag-<br>
mites australis_ (Cav.) Trin. ssp. _australis_) has been rapidly<br>
spreading=C2=A0 along=C2=A0 roadsides and invading and dominating wetlands<=
br>
in parts of southern Ontario and Quebec since=C2=A0 the=C2=A0 early=C2=A0 1=
990s<br>
(Schueler=C2=A0 2000a,=C2=A0 b,=C2=A0 Robichaud=C2=A0 &amp; Catling 2003, C=
atling et al.<br>
2003). The invasion and domination of native=C2=A0 plant=C2=A0 communities<=
br>
led=C2=A0 to=C2=A0 a=C2=A0 substantial=C2=A0 reduction=C2=A0 in native biod=
iversity (e.g.<br>
Catling et al. 2003, Lavoie et=C2=A0 al.=C2=A0 2003).=C2=A0 Very=C2=A0 rece=
ntly=C2=A0 the<br>
status=C2=A0 of=C2=A0 the=C2=A0 alien race has been clarified in other part=
s of<br>
Canada (e.g. Martin 2003, Schueler et al. 2003). However, in the<br>
Canadian maritime provinces its status has=C2=A0 been=C2=A0 unclear=C2=A0 u=
ntil<br>
recently=C2=A0 when=C2=A0 both=C2=A0 field=C2=A0 study=C2=A0 and=C2=A0 a da=
tabase of herbarium<br>
records was completed. The herbarium records=C2=A0 database=C2=A0 includes<=
br>
data=C2=A0 from=C2=A0 all major herbarium collections in Canada (including<=
br>
those of particular importance with regard to the maritimes such<br>
as ACAD, CAN, DAO, MT, MTMG, NFLD,=C2=A0 NSPM,=C2=A0 UNB).=C2=A0 The=C2=A0 =
value=C2=A0 of<br>
herbarium=C2=A0 specimens=C2=A0 in=C2=A0 understanding=C2=A0 status=C2=A0 a=
nd=C2=A0 spread was<br>
increased when a method of distinguishing the=C2=A0 races=C2=A0 using=C2=A0=
 the<br>
floral=C2=A0 character=C2=A0 of=C2=A0 lower=C2=A0 glume=C2=A0 length (Robic=
haud &amp; Catling<br>
2003) made it possible=C2=A0 to=C2=A0 identify=C2=A0 many=C2=A0 herbarium=
=C2=A0 specimens<br>
lacking=C2=A0 the=C2=A0 distinctive=C2=A0 lower stem characters.=C2=A0 The =
alien in-<br>
vasive race was distinguished from the=C2=A0 native=C2=A0 race=C2=A0 by=C2=
=A0 having<br>
first=C2=A0 glumes=C2=A0 4.1=C2=A0 mm=C2=A0 long=C2=A0 or=C2=A0 less and lo=
wer stem internodes<br>
yellow or brownish instead of reddish-purple=C2=A0 (Robichaud=C2=A0 &amp;=
=C2=A0 Ca-<br>
tling=C2=A0 2003). A chemical method for distinguishing the races has<br>
also recently become available (Saltonstall 2003). The following<br>
notes, arranged=C2=A0 by=C2=A0 province,=C2=A0 are=C2=A0 derived=C2=A0 from=
=C2=A0 response=C2=A0 to<br>
several=C2=A0 questions regarding the status of the alien race in the<br>
maritime region.<br>
<br>
NEWFOUNDLAND:<br>
<br>
The only record is that of a specimen=C2=A0 collected=C2=A0 from=C2=A0 Step=
hen-<br>
ville=C2=A0 Barachois=C2=A0 by=C2=A0 R.=C2=A0 Day in 1991 (DAO). The native=
 race has<br>
apparently not been recorded in the province.<br>
<br>
NEW BRUNSWICK:<br>
<br>
Of the locations mapped by=C2=A0 Hinds=C2=A0 (2000,=C2=A0 p.=C2=A0 606),=C2=
=A0 only=C2=A0 that<br>
collected=C2=A0 from=C2=A0 2 km S of Beaver Dam in Sunbury County by H. R.<=
br>
Hinds in 1981 (MTMG, UNB) was referable to the introduced=C2=A0 race.<br>
A=C2=A0 depauperate specimen from the salt marsh at St. Louis Cape in<br>
Kent County collected by P. R. Roberts and B. Pugh in 1965 (UNB)<br>
has a lower glumes approx. 4.0 mm long but lacks=C2=A0 stem=C2=A0 and=C2=A0=
 was<br>
not assigned to race. In 2003 the alien race was collected by P.<br>
M.=C2=A0 Catling=C2=A0 at=C2=A0 two=C2=A0 locations=C2=A0 on=C2=A0 the Tran=
s Canada highway at<br>
Sackville (DAO). Here it occurred within 20 m of the paved=C2=A0 edge<br>
of=C2=A0 the=C2=A0 highway.=C2=A0 From=C2=A0 here=C2=A0 it=C2=A0 may=C2=A0 =
spread into the adjacent<br>
Tantramar=C2=A0 Marshes=C2=A0 and=C2=A0 displace=C2=A0 the=C2=A0 native=C2=
=A0 =C2=A0race=C2=A0 =C2=A0of=C2=A0 =C2=A0_P.<br>
australis_,=C2=A0 =C2=A0 (which=C2=A0 =C2=A0 is=C2=A0 =C2=A0presumably=C2=
=A0 =C2=A0referable=C2=A0 =C2=A0to=C2=A0 =C2=A0ssp.<br>
_berlandieri_, see Fernald 1932). Schueler (2000b,=C2=A0 2002)=C2=A0 found<=
br>
_Phragmites=C2=A0 australis_=C2=A0 absent from sides of major roads in New<=
br>
Brunswick (and Prince Edward Island) so that the=C2=A0 occurrence=C2=A0 in<=
br>
the Sackville area along the major highway is almost certainly a<br>
recent=C2=A0 phenomenon.=C2=A0 This=C2=A0 conclusion=C2=A0 is supported by =
the small<br>
size of the clones present, i.e. only several m2.<br>
<br>
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND:<br>
<br>
At the present time only the native race is=C2=A0 known=C2=A0 from=C2=A0 Pr=
ince<br>
Edward=C2=A0 Island=C2=A0 and it is considered rare in the province (Day &a=
mp;<br>
Catling 1991). It was collected from the Dunk River=C2=A0 estuary=C2=A0 in<=
br>
Bedeque=C2=A0 by=C2=A0 M. L. Fernald and H. St. John in 1914 (CAN, MT) and<=
br>
later by D. Erskine and A. J. Smith in 1953=C2=A0 (DAO,=C2=A0 MT).=C2=A0 Pl=
ants<br>
reported=C2=A0 from=C2=A0 Lennox Island (Day &amp; Catling 1991) have not b=
een<br>
seen.<br>
<br>
NOVA SCOTIA:<br>
<br>
=C2=A0 Most of the locations mapped for Nova Scotia=C2=A0 (Roland=C2=A0 &am=
p;=C2=A0 Smith<br>
1969,=C2=A0 Zinck 1998) represent the native race. The obvious excep-<br>
tions are the specimens from Annapolis Royal and Bridgetown. The<br>
alien race was first collected=C2=A0 at=C2=A0 Annapolis=C2=A0 Royal=C2=A0 i=
n=C2=A0 by=C2=A0 J.<br>
Macoun=C2=A0 in=C2=A0 1910 (CAN), and subsequently by M. L. Fernald and B.<=
br>
Long in 1921 (ACAD, CAN, MT), by H. E. Perry and M. V. Roscoe in<br>
1928 (ACAD), by G. C. Warren in 1938 (ACAD), W. G. Dore in=C2=A0 1940<br>
(DAO),=C2=A0 F. Kinsman in 1949 (DAO), M. S. Brown in 1949 (NSPM), P.<br>
Douglas in 1949 (NSPM), J. R. Jotchan in 1978 (ACAD), E.=C2=A0 Specht<br>
in=C2=A0 1979=C2=A0 (ACAD),=C2=A0 P.=C2=A0 M. Catling, S. Carbyn and J. Ach=
enbach in<br>
2003 (DAO). It is believed in Annapolis=C2=A0 Royal=C2=A0 that=C2=A0 the=C2=
=A0 alien<br>
race=C2=A0 was introduced with straw on trains carrying Elephants and<br>
other circus animals in the early=C2=A0 1900s=C2=A0 (J.=C2=A0 Achenbach,=C2=
=A0 pers.<br>
comm.).=C2=A0 It=C2=A0 is=C2=A0 locally called Elephant Grass. For many dec=
ades<br>
the occurrence of this gigantic (to 4=C2=A0 m=C2=A0 tall=C2=A0 in=C2=A0 one=
=C2=A0 season)<br>
grass=C2=A0 in and around Annapolis Royal was recognized as a remark-<br>
able occurrence. Interestingly the Common=C2=A0 Reed=C2=A0 growing=C2=A0 ar=
ound<br>
Annapolis=C2=A0 Royal=C2=A0 was used to thatch a restored Acadian dwelling<=
br>
in the same way that the Acadians used the native race. Prior to<br>
the dyking which began around 1700, the=C2=A0 native=C2=A0 race=C2=A0 may=
=C2=A0 have<br>
been much more abundant in the Fundy tidal marshes.<br>
<br>
The alien race was also recorded relatively early at Bridgetown.<br>
Here=C2=A0 H.=C2=A0 G.=C2=A0 Perry=C2=A0 and=C2=A0 M. V. Roscoe made a coll=
ection in 1928<br>
(ACAD, MTMG, NSPM). Despite the continuity of=C2=A0 collections=C2=A0 from<=
br>
Annapolis=C2=A0 Royal,=C2=A0 there=C2=A0 was=C2=A0 a=C2=A0 gap=C2=A0 of 44 =
years until another<br>
locality of the alien race was recorded, this being=C2=A0 from=C2=A0 South<=
br>
Brookfield=C2=A0 where=C2=A0 it=C2=A0 was=C2=A0 collected=C2=A0 by P. L. Co=
meau and J. M.<br>
Stanley in 1972 (NSPM). There are several=C2=A0 more=C2=A0 recent=C2=A0 col=
lec-<br>
tions;=C2=A0 Big Pine Lake by M. Zinck and R. Ogilvie in 1992 (NSPM),<br>
Sable River by R.E. and R.B. Newell in 1993 (ACAD),=C2=A0 south=C2=A0 side<=
br>
of=C2=A0 Annapolis=C2=A0 River at Middleton by P.M. Catling in 2003 (DAO),<=
br>
junction of Trans Canada Highway 104 at Highway=C2=A0 102=C2=A0 by=C2=A0 P.=
=C2=A0 M.<br>
Catling=C2=A0 (DAO),=C2=A0 Highway=C2=A0 101=C2=A0 at Grand Pr=C3=A9 by S. =
Carbyn in 2003<br>
(DAO), 2 km W of Dodge Road overpass on Hwy 101 3 km W=C2=A0 of=C2=A0 exit<=
br>
17=C2=A0 (Kingston/Greenwood)=C2=A0 by=C2=A0 S.=C2=A0 Carbyn in 2003 (DAO),=
1 km W of<br>
exit 16 Hwy 101(Aylesford exit) by S. Carbyn in 2003.=C2=A0 All=C2=A0 of<br=
>
these=C2=A0 are=C2=A0 within 20 m of a paved road suggesting that vehicles<=
br>
and roads are the means and pathway of invasion.<br>
<br>
Conclusions<br>
<br>
Although the alien race=C2=A0 became=C2=A0 established=C2=A0 in=C2=A0 the=
=C2=A0 maritimes<br>
almost=C2=A0 100=C2=A0 years=C2=A0 ago, it appears to have spread only rece=
ntly<br>
and is apparently spreading=C2=A0 by=C2=A0 means=C2=A0 of=C2=A0 vehicle=C2=
=A0 traffic=C2=A0 on<br>
roads.=C2=A0 This parallels the situation elsewhere in eastern Canada<br>
(Catling et al. 2003).=C2=A0 Although=C2=A0 the=C2=A0 alien=C2=A0 race=C2=
=A0 is=C2=A0 invading<br>
agricultural=C2=A0 land, including cornfields in southern Quebec, its<br>
most serious impact to date has been the replacement of=C2=A0 diverse<br>
native vegetation in wetlands with significant loss of biodiver-<br>
sity=C2=A0 in=C2=A0 general.=C2=A0 Considering=C2=A0 its=C2=A0 impact on At=
lantic coastal<br>
marshes in the United States (e.g. Blossey 2002,=C2=A0 Marks=C2=A0 et=C2=A0=
 al.<br>
1994,=C2=A0 Meyerson=C2=A0 et=C2=A0 al.=C2=A0 2000),=C2=A0 marshes along th=
e St. Lawrence<br>
River (e.g. Lavoie et al. 2003) and wetlands in southern Ontario<br>
(pers. ob.), it is considered a threat to=C2=A0 the=C2=A0 biodiversity=C2=
=A0 of<br>
the=C2=A0 Bay=C2=A0 of=C2=A0 Fundy=C2=A0 marshes.=C2=A0 Since its spread in=
to much of the<br>
region is recent, there is an opportunity for regional=C2=A0 control,<br>
especially=C2=A0 around major brackish marshes. For example, invasion<br>
of the upper levels of the Tantramar Marshes, at the head of the<br>
Bay of Fundy, may be prevented by eliminating=C2=A0 patches=C2=A0 invading<=
br>
along=C2=A0 the=C2=A0 Trans=C2=A0 Canada=C2=A0 highway (hwy 104), and monit=
oring the<br>
adjacent marshlands.<br>
<br>
Acknowlegements<br>
<br>
Jef Achenbach of Annapolis Royal assisted with field work in the<br>
Annapolis valley region.=C2=A0 The=C2=A0 development=C2=A0 of=C2=A0 a=C2=A0=
 database=C2=A0 was<br>
supported by the Federal Biodiversity Information Partnership.<br>
<br>
References<br>
<br>
Blossey,=C2=A0 B.=C2=A0 2002. Replacement of native North American _Phrag-<=
br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 mites australis_ by introduced invasive genotypes. _Botanical=
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 Electronic News_ 284: 1-3.<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 <a href=3D"http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben284.html=
" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/b=
en/ben284.html</a><br>
Catling, P. M., F. W. Schueler, L.=C2=A0 Robichaud=C2=A0 and=C2=A0 B.=C2=A0=
 Blossey.<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 2003.=C2=A0 More=C2=A0 on=C2=A0 _Phragmites_=C2=A0 - native a=
nd introduced races.<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 _Canadian Botanical Association Bulletin_ 36(1): 4 - 7.<br>
Erskine, D. S. 1985.=C2=A0 _The=C2=A0 plants=C2=A0 of=C2=A0 Prince=C2=A0 Ed=
ward=C2=A0 Island_.<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 Research=C2=A0 Branch, Agriculture Canada publication 1798 (p=
ubli-<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 cation 1088, 1960, reprinted). 272 p.<br>
Fernald, M. L. 1932. _Phragmites communis_ Trin.=C2=A0 var.=C2=A0 _berlan-<=
br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 dieri_ (Fournier) comb. nov. _Rhodora_ 34: 211-212.<br>
Hinds,=C2=A0 H.=C2=A0 R.=C2=A0 2000.=C2=A0 _Flora=C2=A0 of=C2=A0 New=C2=A0 =
Brunswick_. 2nd edition.<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick.=C2=
=A0 695<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 p.<br>
Lavoie,=C2=A0 C., M. Jean, F. Delisle and G. Letourneau. 2003. Exotic<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 plant species of the St. Lawrence River wetlands:=C2=A0 a=C2=
=A0 spatial<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 and=C2=A0 historical=C2=A0 analysis. _Journal of Biogeography=
_ 30: 537-<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 549.<br>
Marks, M., B. Lapin and J. Randall. 1994. _Phragmites australis_<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 (_P.=C2=A0 communis_):=C2=A0 Threats,=C2=A0 =C2=A0management,=
=C2=A0 =C2=A0and=C2=A0 =C2=A0monitoring.<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 _Natural Areas Journal_ 14: 285-294.<br>
Martin,=C2=A0 M.=C2=A0 2003.=C2=A0 Common=C2=A0 Reed (_Phragmites australis=
_) in the<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 Okanagan=C2=A0 Valley,=C2=A0 British=C2=A0 =C2=A0Columbia,=C2=
=A0 =C2=A0Canada.=C2=A0 =C2=A0_Botanical<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 Electronic News_ 318: 1.<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 <a href=3D"http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben318.html=
" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/b=
en/ben318.html</a><br>
Meyerson,=C2=A0 L.=C2=A0 A., K. Saltonstall, L. Windham, E. Kiviat, and S.<=
br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 Findlay. 2000. A=C2=A0 comparison=C2=A0 of=C2=A0 _Phragmites=
=C2=A0 australis_=C2=A0 in<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 freshwater=C2=A0 and brackish marsh environments in North Ame=
rica.<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 _Wetlands Ecology and Management_ 8: 89-103<br>
Robichaud, L. and P. M. Catling, 2003. Potential value of=C2=A0 glume<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 length=C2=A0 in=C2=A0 differentiating=C2=A0 native and alien =
races of Common<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 Reed, _Phragmites=C2=A0 australis_.=C2=A0 _Botanical=C2=A0 El=
ectronic=C2=A0 News_<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 310: 1-3.<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 <a href=3D"http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben310.html=
" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/b=
en/ben310.html</a><br>
Roland,=C2=A0 A.E.=C2=A0 and E.C. Smith. 1969. _The flora of Nova Scotia_.<=
br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 Nova Scotia Museum. Reprinted from _Proceedings of=C2=A0 the=
=C2=A0 Nova<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 Scotian Institute of Science_, 26: 1-238, 277-743.<br>
Saltonstall,=C2=A0 K. 2003. A rapid method for identifying the origin<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 of North American Phragmites populations using RFLP analysis.=
<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 Wetlands 23(4): 1043-1047.<br>
Schueler, F. W. 2000a. Monster Grass an Invasive or Native. _SER<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 Ontario News=C2=A0 (Newsletter=C2=A0 of=C2=A0 the=C2=A0 Ontar=
io=C2=A0 Chapter=C2=A0 of=C2=A0 the<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 Society=C2=A0 for Ecological Restoration_) 6(1), Spring 2000.=
 2 p.<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 <a href=3D"http://www.serontario.org/pdfs/may00.pdf" rel=3D"n=
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Schueler, F. W. 2000b. GPS Surveys for=C2=A0 _Phragmites_=C2=A0 and=C2=A0 o=
ther<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 invasives.=C2=A0 _SER=C2=A0 Ontario=C2=A0 News=C2=A0 (Newslet=
ter=C2=A0 of=C2=A0 the Ontario<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 Chapter of the Society=C2=A0 for=C2=A0 Ecological=C2=A0 Resto=
ration_)=C2=A0 6(1),<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 Spring 2000. 2pp. <a href=3D"http://www.serontario.org/pdfs/m=
ay00.pdf" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">www.serontario.org/pdfs/may0=
0.pdf</a><br>
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=C2=A0 =C2=A0 Canada. _Phragmites australis_: A Sheep in=C2=A0 Wolf&#39;s=
=C2=A0 Clothing?<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 _Technical=C2=A0 Forum=C2=A0 6-9=C2=A0 January=C2=A0 2002,=C2=
=A0 Vineland New Jersey_,<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 abstract pp 27-28.<br>
Schueler, F. W., A. Karstad and J. H. Schueler. 2003. Non-native<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 _Phragmites=C2=A0 communis_=C2=A0 in=C2=A0 =C2=A0British=C2=
=A0 =C2=A0Columbia.=C2=A0 =C2=A0_Botanical<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 Electronic News_ 315: 1<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 <a href=3D"http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben315.html=
" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/b=
en/ben315.html</a><br>
Zinck,=C2=A0 M.=C2=A0 1998.=C2=A0 _Roland&#39;s=C2=A0 flora of Nova Scotia_=
. Nimbus Pub-<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 lishing and Nova Scotia Musem. Halifax. 2 vol. 1296 p.<br>
<br>
<br>
-- <br>
------------------------------------------------------------<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 Frederick W. Schueler &amp; Aleta Karsta=
d<br>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 Fragile Inheritance Natural History<br>
Mudpuppy Night in Oxford Mills - <a href=3D"https://www.facebook.com/Mudpup=
pyNight/" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">https://www.facebook.com/Mud=
puppyNight/</a><br>
&#39;Daily&#39; Paintings - <a href=3D"http://karstaddailypaintings.blogspo=
t.com/" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">http://karstaddailypaintings.b=
logspot.com/</a><br>
4 St-Lawrence Street Bishops Mills, RR#2 Oxford Station, Ontario K0G 1T0<br=
>
=C2=A0 =C2=A0on the Smiths Falls Limestone Plain=C2=A0 44.87156=C2=B0 N 75.=
70095=C2=B0 W<br>
(613)258-3107 &lt;bckcdb at <a href=3D"http://istar.ca" rel=3D"noreferrer" =
target=3D"_blank">istar.ca</a>&gt; <a href=3D"http://pinicola.ca/" rel=3D"n=
oreferrer" target=3D"_blank">http://pinicola.ca/</a><br>
------------------------------------------------------------<br>
=C2=A0 nationally recognized as incapable of generating a net income from o=
ur <br>
work -<br>
<a href=3D"http://www.wwf.ca/newsroom/?31661/Glen-Davis-Conservation-Leader=
ship-Prize" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">http://www.wwf.ca/newsroom=
/?31661/Glen-Davis-Conservation-Leadership-Prize</a><br>
------------------------------------------------------------<br>
</blockquote></div><br clear=3D"all"><div><br></div>-- <br><div dir=3D"ltr"=
>Dr. N.M.Hill<br>Fern Hill Institute of Plant Conservation<br>424 Bentley R=
oad, Berwick, NS, B0P 1E0<br><br>phone 902-698-0416</div>
</blockquote></div>
</blockquote></div><br clear=3D"all"><div><br></div>-- <br><div dir=3D"ltr"=
 class=3D"gmail_signature">Dr. N.M.Hill<br>Fern Hill Institute of Plant Con=
servation<br>424 Bentley Road, Berwick, NS, B0P 1E0<br><br>phone 902-698-04=
16</div>

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