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> 2003) --000000000000c401e305a86fd85e Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable we risk counting the increased numbers of rare species outside of native habitat as conservation gains. Rare native species are valuable as on board indicators of habitat integrit= y conundrum, i know Nick On Wed, Jun 17, 2020 at 8:54 AM David Simpson <david.sonsimp@gmail.com> wrote: > I have a swampy spot on my small property in Windsor where I would like t= o > establish native phragmites. If anyone knows of a patch nearby please rea= ch > out. > > *Dave in Curry's Corner* > > David Simpson > (902) 580 8007 > david.sonsimp@gmail.com > > > On Mon, Jun 15, 2020 at 9:25 PM Nick Hill <fernhillns@gmail.com> wrote: > >> * Phragmites australis *ssp.* australis *occurs at various places on >> many of the 100 series highways (103, 101, 102 , 107 ). While it is good= to >> eliminate the plant where feasible, there is a trade-off between the pai= n >> (e.g. the disturbance of herbiciding areas of the Tantramar) and the gai= n. >> From a terrestrial wetland point of view, I can't vouch for the >> biodiversity value of the Tantramar--it seems an anthropogenically >> disturbed landscape, but correct me if mistaken. There are good reasons = to >> eliminate *Phragmites australis *ssp.* australis *where it is scattered >> along these 100 series highways because they are small patches and condu= its >> to high biodiversity wetlands throughout the province...e.g. the marshes= of >> the Musquodoboit valley or riparian marshes of SW Nova that support the >> native subspecies *americanus. * >> >> The native subspecies is more delicate, the culms are thinner-- usually >> reddish (vs. green-yellow)--and in my experience, they are most common o= n >> wind-exposed, lakeshore fens. While ssp americanus has a S4 ranking, I >> would say it was rare. >> Nick >> >> >> On Mon, Jun 15, 2020 at 12:13 PM Frederick W. Schueler <bckcdb@istar.ca> >> wrote: >> >>> Maritimers, >>> >>> Listening to the discussion of the Tantramar marshes on the Sunday >>> Edition yesterday, and not hearing any discussion of invasive European >>> Phragmites there, I'm forwarding this warning from 2004, and from 2010 = - >>> >>> https://karstaddailypaintings.blogspot.com/2010/10/view-from-beausejour= .html >>> - in the hopes that there's some possibility of action. >>> >>> from the 2010 report: "This is the one place in the Maritimes where the >>> invasive European Phragmites australis subspecies australis has been >>> reported, so we are interested in seeing how conditions here compare to >>> what we'd observed elsewhere in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia... we >>> drove the busy road across the marshes both ways, waypointing stands an= d >>> taking representative specimens... >>> >>> "The first thing we noticed was that the stands were very distinctly >>> divided into native-like and invasive-like kinds: we counted 11 alien >>> and 7 native stands, and only 1 that we called ambiguous, though the >>> natives graded out into little whisps, and we doubtless missed some of >>> these which an observer on foot could have waypointed. The most strikin= g >>> feature of this difference was the persistent green foliage of the >>> aliens, in contrast to the shriveled get-ready-for-winter brown of the >>> natives (one often sees that alien plants from NW Europe retain green >>> leaves far longer than native plants do). >>> >>> "Those on NatureNS will remember that throughout Nova Scotia we were >>> perplexed by the intermediacy and confusing morphology of the majority >>> of the Phragmites stands we sampled there: at Tantramar there was no >>> ambiguity, and the natives didn't look much different from the ones we >>> see in Ontario". >>> >>> Those of us in Ontario have seen how completely the invasive Phragmites >>> can take over wide areas, and really wish action could be taken in the >>> Maritimes before the task becomes impossible. >>> >>> fred. >>> =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D >>> >>> -------- Forwarded Message -------- >>> Subject: Catling & company on invasive Phragmites in the Maritimes (& >>> Nfld) >>> Date: Tue, 16 Mar 2004 10:39:08 -0500 >>> From: Frederick W. Schueler <bckcdb@istar.ca> >>> Organization: Bishops Mills Natural History Centre >>> To: NATURENB@LISTSERV.UNB.CA <NATURENB@LISTSERV.UNB.CA> >>> >>> New Brunswickers, >>> >>> I urge you to read the appended article (which has just come out in >>> BEN), very carefully, and to take action to suppress stands of the alie= n >>> race. All you need to do is to drive along the eastern shore of NB, and >>> then drive along the shore roads of New Jersey (solid alien Phragmites >>> as far as the eye can see), to envisage just what you don't want your >>> province to become. The Fundy shore is more different from New Jersey, >>> so the geomorphic comparison isn't so close, but solid stands of >>> Phragmites would be equally undesireable there. >>> >>> fred. >>> ------------------------------------------------------------ >>> ------------------------------------------------------------ >>> BOTANICAL ELECTRONIC NEWS No. 324, March 16, 2004 >>> <aceska@victoria.tc.ca> Victoria, B.C. >>> ----------------------------------------------------------- >>> Dr. A. Ceska, P.O.Box 8546, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 3S2 >>> ----------------------------------------------------------- >>> >>> STATUS OF THE ALIEN RACE OF COMMON REED (_PHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS_) >>> IN THE CANADIAN MARITIME PROVINCES >>> From: Paul M. Catling*, Gisele Mitrow*, Lynn Black*, Susan >>> Carbyn** >>> * Agriculture and AgriFood Canada, >>> Environmental Health, Biodiversity, >>> Saunders Bldg., C.E.F., Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6 >>> catlingp@agr.gc.ca >>> **Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada >>> Environmental Health, Biodiversity >>> 32 Main Street, Kentville, Nova Scotia B4N 1J5 >>> >>> An alien race of Common Reed (presumably the European _Phrag- >>> mites australis_ (Cav.) Trin. ssp. _australis_) has been rapidly >>> spreading along roadsides and invading and dominating wetlands >>> in parts of southern Ontario and Quebec since the early 1990s >>> (Schueler 2000a, b, Robichaud & Catling 2003, Catling et al. >>> 2003). The invasion and domination of native plant communities >>> led to a substantial reduction in native biodiversity (e.g. >>> Catling et al. 2003, Lavoie et al. 2003). Very recently the >>> status of the alien race has been clarified in other parts of >>> Canada (e.g. Martin 2003, Schueler et al. 2003). However, in the >>> Canadian maritime provinces its status has been unclear until >>> recently when both field study and a database of herbarium >>> records was completed. The herbarium records database includes >>> data from all major herbarium collections in Canada (including >>> those of particular importance with regard to the maritimes such >>> as ACAD, CAN, DAO, MT, MTMG, NFLD, NSPM, UNB). The value of >>> herbarium specimens in understanding status and spread was >>> increased when a method of distinguishing the races using the >>> floral character of lower glume length (Robichaud & Catling >>> 2003) made it possible to identify many herbarium specimens >>> lacking the distinctive lower stem characters. The alien in- >>> vasive race was distinguished from the native race by having >>> first glumes 4.1 mm long or less and lower stem internodes >>> yellow or brownish instead of reddish-purple (Robichaud & Ca- >>> tling 2003). A chemical method for distinguishing the races has >>> also recently become available (Saltonstall 2003). The following >>> notes, arranged by province, are derived from response to >>> several questions regarding the status of the alien race in the >>> maritime region. >>> >>> NEWFOUNDLAND: >>> >>> The only record is that of a specimen collected from Stephen- >>> ville Barachois by R. Day in 1991 (DAO). The native race has >>> apparently not been recorded in the province. >>> >>> NEW BRUNSWICK: >>> >>> Of the locations mapped by Hinds (2000, p. 606), only that >>> collected from 2 km S of Beaver Dam in Sunbury County by H. R. >>> Hinds in 1981 (MTMG, UNB) was referable to the introduced race. >>> A depauperate specimen from the salt marsh at St. Louis Cape in >>> Kent County collected by P. R. Roberts and B. Pugh in 1965 (UNB) >>> has a lower glumes approx. 4.0 mm long but lacks stem and was >>> not assigned to race. In 2003 the alien race was collected by P. >>> M. Catling at two locations on the Trans Canada highway at >>> Sackville (DAO). Here it occurred within 20 m of the paved edge >>> of the highway. From here it may spread into the adjacent >>> Tantramar Marshes and displace the native race of _P. >>> australis_, (which is presumably referable to ssp. >>> _berlandieri_, see Fernald 1932). Schueler (2000b, 2002) found >>> _Phragmites australis_ absent from sides of major roads in New >>> Brunswick (and Prince Edward Island) so that the occurrence in >>> the Sackville area along the major highway is almost certainly a >>> recent phenomenon. This conclusion is supported by the small >>> size of the clones present, i.e. only several m2. >>> >>> PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: >>> >>> At the present time only the native race is known from Prince >>> Edward Island and it is considered rare in the province (Day & >>> Catling 1991). It was collected from the Dunk River estuary in >>> Bedeque by M. L. Fernald and H. St. John in 1914 (CAN, MT) and >>> later by D. Erskine and A. J. Smith in 1953 (DAO, MT). Plants >>> reported from Lennox Island (Day & Catling 1991) have not been >>> seen. >>> >>> NOVA SCOTIA: >>> >>> Most of the locations mapped for Nova Scotia (Roland & Smith >>> 1969, Zinck 1998) represent the native race. The obvious excep- >>> tions are the specimens from Annapolis Royal and Bridgetown. The >>> alien race was first collected at Annapolis Royal in by J. >>> Macoun in 1910 (CAN), and subsequently by M. L. Fernald and B. >>> Long in 1921 (ACAD, CAN, MT), by H. E. Perry and M. V. Roscoe in >>> 1928 (ACAD), by G. C. Warren in 1938 (ACAD), W. G. Dore in 1940 >>> (DAO), F. Kinsman in 1949 (DAO), M. S. Brown in 1949 (NSPM), P. >>> Douglas in 1949 (NSPM), J. R. Jotchan in 1978 (ACAD), E. Specht >>> in 1979 (ACAD), P. M. Catling, S. Carbyn and J. Achenbach in >>> 2003 (DAO). It is believed in Annapolis Royal that the alien >>> race was introduced with straw on trains carrying Elephants and >>> other circus animals in the early 1900s (J. Achenbach, pers. >>> comm.). It is locally called Elephant Grass. For many decades >>> the occurrence of this gigantic (to 4 m tall in one season) >>> grass in and around Annapolis Royal was recognized as a remark- >>> able occurrence. Interestingly the Common Reed growing around >>> Annapolis Royal was used to thatch a restored Acadian dwelling >>> in the same way that the Acadians used the native race. Prior to >>> the dyking which began around 1700, the native race may have >>> been much more abundant in the Fundy tidal marshes. >>> >>> The alien race was also recorded relatively early at Bridgetown. >>> Here H. G. Perry and M. V. Roscoe made a collection in 1928 >>> (ACAD, MTMG, NSPM). Despite the continuity of collections from >>> Annapolis Royal, there was a gap of 44 years until another >>> locality of the alien race was recorded, this being from South >>> Brookfield where it was collected by P. L. Comeau and J. M. >>> Stanley in 1972 (NSPM). There are several more recent collec- >>> tions; Big Pine Lake by M. Zinck and R. Ogilvie in 1992 (NSPM), >>> Sable River by R.E. and R.B. Newell in 1993 (ACAD), south side >>> of Annapolis River at Middleton by P.M. Catling in 2003 (DAO), >>> junction of Trans Canada Highway 104 at Highway 102 by P. M. >>> Catling (DAO), Highway 101 at Grand Pr=C3=A9 by S. Carbyn in 2003 >>> (DAO), 2 km W of Dodge Road overpass on Hwy 101 3 km W of exit >>> 17 (Kingston/Greenwood) by S. Carbyn in 2003 (DAO),1 km W of >>> exit 16 Hwy 101(Aylesford exit) by S. Carbyn in 2003. All of >>> these are within 20 m of a paved road suggesting that vehicles >>> and roads are the means and pathway of invasion. >>> >>> Conclusions >>> >>> Although the alien race became established in the maritimes >>> almost 100 years ago, it appears to have spread only recently >>> and is apparently spreading by means of vehicle traffic on >>> roads. This parallels the situation elsewhere in eastern Canada >>> (Catling et al. 2003). Although the alien race is invading >>> agricultural land, including cornfields in southern Quebec, its >>> most serious impact to date has been the replacement of diverse >>> native vegetation in wetlands with significant loss of biodiver- >>> sity in general. Considering its impact on Atlantic coastal >>> marshes in the United States (e.g. Blossey 2002, Marks et al. >>> 1994, Meyerson et al. 2000), marshes along the St. Lawrence >>> River (e.g. Lavoie et al. 2003) and wetlands in southern Ontario >>> (pers. ob.), it is considered a threat to the biodiversity of >>> the Bay of Fundy marshes. Since its spread into much of the >>> region is recent, there is an opportunity for regional control, >>> especially around major brackish marshes. For example, invasion >>> of the upper levels of the Tantramar Marshes, at the head of the >>> Bay of Fundy, may be prevented by eliminating patches invading >>> along the Trans Canada highway (hwy 104), and monitoring the >>> adjacent marshlands. >>> >>> Acknowlegements >>> >>> Jef Achenbach of Annapolis Royal assisted with field work in the >>> Annapolis valley region. The development of a database was >>> supported by the Federal Biodiversity Information Partnership. >>> >>> References >>> >>> Blossey, B. 2002. Replacement of native North American _Phrag- >>> mites australis_ by introduced invasive genotypes. _Botanical >>> Electronic News_ 284: 1-3. >>> http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben284.html >>> Catling, P. M., F. W. Schueler, L. Robichaud and B. Blossey. >>> 2003. More on _Phragmites_ - native and introduced races. >>> _Canadian Botanical Association Bulletin_ 36(1): 4 - 7. >>> Erskine, D. S. 1985. _The plants of Prince Edward Island_. >>> Research Branch, Agriculture Canada publication 1798 (publi- >>> cation 1088, 1960, reprinted). 272 p. >>> Fernald, M. L. 1932. _Phragmites communis_ Trin. var. _berlan- >>> dieri_ (Fournier) comb. nov. _Rhodora_ 34: 211-212. >>> Hinds, H. R. 2000. _Flora of New Brunswick_. 2nd edition. >>> University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick. 695 >>> p. >>> Lavoie, C., M. Jean, F. Delisle and G. Letourneau. 2003. Exotic >>> plant species of the St. Lawrence River wetlands: a spatial >>> and historical analysis. _Journal of Biogeography_ 30: 537- >>> 549. >>> Marks, M., B. Lapin and J. Randall. 1994. _Phragmites australis_ >>> (_P. communis_): Threats, management, and monitoring. >>> _Natural Areas Journal_ 14: 285-294. >>> Martin, M. 2003. Common Reed (_Phragmites australis_) in the >>> Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, Canada. _Botanical >>> Electronic News_ 318: 1. >>> http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben318.html >>> Meyerson, L. A., K. Saltonstall, L. Windham, E. Kiviat, and S. >>> Findlay. 2000. A comparison of _Phragmites australis_ in >>> freshwater and brackish marsh environments in North America. >>> _Wetlands Ecology and Management_ 8: 89-103 >>> Robichaud, L. and P. M. Catling, 2003. Potential value of glume >>> length in differentiating native and alien races of Common >>> Reed, _Phragmites australis_. _Botanical Electronic News_ >>> 310: 1-3. >>> http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben310.html >>> Roland, A.E. and E.C. Smith. 1969. _The flora of Nova Scotia_. >>> Nova Scotia Museum. Reprinted from _Proceedings of the Nova >>> Scotian Institute of Science_, 26: 1-238, 277-743. >>> Saltonstall, K. 2003. A rapid method for identifying the origin >>> of North American Phragmites populations using RFLP analysis. >>> Wetlands 23(4): 1043-1047. >>> Schueler, F. W. 2000a. Monster Grass an Invasive or Native. _SER >>> Ontario News (Newsletter of the Ontario Chapter of the >>> Society for Ecological Restoration_) 6(1), Spring 2000. 2 p. >>> www.serontario.org/pdfs/may00.pdf >>> Schueler, F. W. 2000b. GPS Surveys for _Phragmites_ and other >>> invasives. _SER Ontario News (Newsletter of the Ontario >>> Chapter of the Society for Ecological Restoration_) 6(1), >>> Spring 2000. 2pp. www.serontario.org/pdfs/may00.pdf >>> Schueler, F. W. 2002. Distribution of roadside _Phragmites_ in >>> Canada. _Phragmites australis_: A Sheep in Wolf's Clothing? >>> _Technical Forum 6-9 January 2002, Vineland New Jersey_, >>> abstract pp 27-28. >>> Schueler, F. W., A. Karstad and J. H. Schueler. 2003. Non-native >>> _Phragmites communis_ in British Columbia. _Botanical >>> Electronic News_ 315: 1 >>> http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben315.html >>> Zinck, M. 1998. _Roland's flora of Nova Scotia_. Nimbus Pub- >>> lishing and Nova Scotia Musem. Halifax. 2 vol. 1296 p. >>> >>> >>> -- >>> ------------------------------------------------------------ >>> Frederick W. Schueler & Aleta Karstad >>> Fragile Inheritance Natural History >>> Mudpuppy Night in Oxford Mills - https://www.facebook.com/MudpuppyNight= / >>> 'Daily' Paintings - http://karstaddailypaintings.blogspot.com/ >>> 4 St-Lawrence Street Bishops Mills, RR#2 Oxford Station, Ontario K0G 1T= 0 >>> on the Smiths Falls Limestone Plain 44.87156=C2=B0 N 75.70095=C2=B0= W >>> (613)258-3107 <bckcdb at istar.ca> http://pinicola.ca/ >>> ------------------------------------------------------------ >>> nationally recognized as incapable of generating a net income from ou= r >>> work - >>> >>> http://www.wwf.ca/newsroom/?31661/Glen-Davis-Conservation-Leadership-Pr= ize >>> ------------------------------------------------------------ >>> >> >> >> -- >> Dr. N.M.Hill >> Fern Hill Institute of Plant Conservation >> 424 Bentley Road, Berwick, NS, B0P 1E0 >> >> phone 902-698-0416 >> > --=20 Dr. N.M.Hill Fern Hill Institute of Plant Conservation 424 Bentley Road, Berwick, NS, B0P 1E0 phone 902-698-0416 --000000000000c401e305a86fd85e Content-Type: text/html; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable <div dir=3D"ltr"><div class=3D"gmail_default" style=3D"">we risk counting t= he increased numbers of rare species outside of native habitat as conservat= ion gains.</div><div class=3D"gmail_default" style=3D"">Rare native species= are valuable as on board indicators of habitat integrity</div><div class= =3D"gmail_default" style=3D"">conundrum, i know</div><div class=3D"gmail_de= fault" style=3D"">Nick</div><div class=3D"gmail_default" style=3D""><br></d= iv><div class=3D"gmail_default" style=3D""><br></div><div class=3D"gmail_de= fault" style=3D""><br></div></div><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir= =3D"ltr" class=3D"gmail_attr">On Wed, Jun 17, 2020 at 8:54 AM David Simpson= <david.sonsimp@gmail.com= > wrote:<br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px = 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div= dir=3D"ltr"><div>I have a swampy spot on my small property in Windsor wher= e I would like to establish native phragmites. If anyone knows of a patch n= earby please reach out.</div><br clear=3D"all"><div><div dir=3D"ltr"><div d= ir=3D"ltr"><div><div dir=3D"ltr"><div><div dir=3D"ltr"><div><div dir=3D"ltr= "><div><div dir=3D"ltr"><div><div dir=3D"ltr"><div dir=3D"ltr"><div style= =3D"font-size:small"><i style=3D"color:rgb(255,0,0);font-size:large">Dave i= n Curry's Corner</i></div><div style=3D"font-size:small"><i style=3D"co= lor:rgb(255,0,0);font-size:large"><br></i></div><div><div><div dir=3D"ltr">= <div><font color=3D"#000000" size=3D"2">David Simpson</font></div><div dir= =3D"ltr"><font color=3D"#000000" size=3D"2">(902) 580 8007</font></div><div= ><font color=3D"#000000" size=3D"2"><a href=3D"mailto:david.sonsimp@gmail.c= om" target=3D"_blank">david.sonsimp@gmail.com</a></font></div></div></div><= /div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></di= v></div></div><br></div><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"ltr" cla= ss=3D"gmail_attr">On Mon, Jun 15, 2020 at 9:25 PM Nick Hill <<a href=3D"= mailto:fernhillns@gmail.com" target=3D"_blank">fernhillns@gmail.com</a>>= wrote:<br></div><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px = 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir= =3D"ltr"><div class=3D"gmail_default"><i>=C2=A0Phragmites australis </i>ssp= .<i> australis </i>occurs at various places on many of the 100 series highw= ays (103, 101, 102 , 107 ). While it is good to eliminate the plant where f= easible, there is a trade-off between the pain (e.g. the disturbance of her= biciding areas of the Tantramar) and the gain. From a terrestrial wetland p= oint of view, I can't vouch for the biodiversity value of the Tantramar= --it seems an anthropogenically disturbed landscape, but correct me if mist= aken. There are good reasons to eliminate=C2=A0<i>Phragmites australis </i>= ssp.<i> australis </i>where it is scattered along these 100 series highways= because they are small patches and conduits to high biodiversity=C2=A0wetl= ands throughout the province...e.g. the marshes of the Musquodoboit valley = or riparian marshes of SW Nova that support the native subspecies <i>americ= anus.=C2=A0</i></div><div class=3D"gmail_default"><br></div><div class=3D"g= mail_default">The native subspecies is more delicate, the culms are thinner= -- usually reddish (vs. green-yellow)--and=C2=A0in my experience, they are = most common on wind-exposed, lakeshore fens. While ssp americanus has a S4 = ranking, I would say it was rare.</div><div class=3D"gmail_default">Nick</d= iv><div class=3D"gmail_default"><font size=3D"4"><i><br></i></font></div></= div><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote"><div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D"gmail_attr">On= Mon, Jun 15, 2020 at 12:13 PM Frederick W. Schueler <<a href=3D"mailto:= bckcdb@istar.ca" target=3D"_blank">bckcdb@istar.ca</a>> wrote:<br></div>= <blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-= left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">Maritimers,<br> <br> Listening to the discussion of the Tantramar marshes on the Sunday <br> Edition yesterday, and not hearing any discussion of invasive European <br> Phragmites there, I'm forwarding this warning from 2004, and from 2010 = - <br> <a href=3D"https://karstaddailypaintings.blogspot.com/2010/10/view-from-bea= usejour.html" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">https://karstaddailypain= tings.blogspot.com/2010/10/view-from-beausejour.html</a> <br> - in the hopes that there's some possibility of action.<br> <br> from the 2010 report: "This is the one place in the Maritimes where th= e <br> invasive European Phragmites australis subspecies australis has been <br> reported, so we are interested in seeing how conditions here compare to <br= > what we'd observed elsewhere in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia... we <br= > drove the busy road across the marshes both ways, waypointing stands and <b= r> taking representative specimens...<br> <br> "The first thing we noticed was that the stands were very distinctly <= br> divided into native-like and invasive-like kinds: we counted 11 alien <br> and 7 native stands, and only 1 that we called ambiguous, though the <br> natives graded out into little whisps, and we doubtless missed some of <br> these which an observer on foot could have waypointed. The most striking <b= r> feature of this difference was the persistent green foliage of the <br> aliens, in contrast to the shriveled get-ready-for-winter brown of the <br> natives (one often sees that alien plants from NW Europe retain green <br> leaves far longer than native plants do).<br> <br> "Those on NatureNS will remember that throughout Nova Scotia we were <= br> perplexed by the intermediacy and confusing morphology of the majority <br> of the Phragmites stands we sampled there: at Tantramar there was no <br> ambiguity, and the natives didn't look much different from the ones we = <br> see in Ontario".<br> <br> Those of us in Ontario have seen how completely the invasive Phragmites <br= > can take over wide areas, and really wish action could be taken in the <br> Maritimes before the task becomes impossible.<br> <br> fred.<br> =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D= =3D=3D<br> <br> -------- Forwarded Message --------<br> Subject: Catling & company on invasive Phragmites in the Maritimes (&am= p; Nfld)<br> Date: Tue, 16 Mar 2004 10:39:08 -0500<br> From: Frederick W. Schueler <<a href=3D"mailto:bckcdb@istar.ca" target= =3D"_blank">bckcdb@istar.ca</a>><br> Organization: Bishops Mills Natural History Centre<br> To: <a href=3D"mailto:NATURENB@LISTSERV.UNB.CA" target=3D"_blank">NATURENB@= LISTSERV.UNB.CA</a> <<a href=3D"mailto:NATURENB@LISTSERV.UNB.CA" target= =3D"_blank">NATURENB@LISTSERV.UNB.CA</a>><br> <br> New Brunswickers,<br> <br> I urge you to read the appended article (which has just come out in<br> BEN), very carefully, and to take action to suppress stands of the alien<br= > race. All you need to do is to drive along the eastern shore of NB, and<br> then drive along the shore roads of New Jersey (solid alien Phragmites<br> as far as the eye can see), to envisage just what you don't want your<b= r> province to become. The Fundy shore is more different from New Jersey,<br> so the geomorphic comparison isn't so close, but solid stands of<br> Phragmites would be equally undesireable there.<br> <br> fred.<br> ------------------------------------------------------------<br> ------------------------------------------------------------<br> BOTANICAL ELECTRONIC NEWS No. 324, March 16, 2004<br> <<a href=3D"mailto:aceska@victoria.tc.ca" target=3D"_blank">aceska@victo= ria.tc.ca</a>>=C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 Vi= ctoria, B.C.<br> -----------------------------------------------------------<br> =C2=A0 Dr. A. Ceska, P.O.Box 8546, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 3S2<br> -----------------------------------------------------------<br> <br> STATUS OF THE ALIEN RACE OF COMMON REED (_PHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS_)<br> IN THE CANADIAN MARITIME PROVINCES<br> From:=C2=A0 Paul=C2=A0 M.=C2=A0 Catling*,=C2=A0 Gisele=C2=A0 Mitrow*,=C2=A0= Lynn Black*, Susan<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 Carbyn**<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 * Agriculture and AgriFood Canada,<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 Environmental Health, Biodiversity,<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 Saunders Bldg., C.E.F., Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 <a href=3D"mailto:catlingp@agr.gc.ca" target=3D"_blank">catli= ngp@agr.gc.ca</a><br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 **Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 Environmental Health, Biodiversity<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 32 Main Street, Kentville, Nova Scotia B4N 1J5<br> <br> An alien race of Common Reed (presumably=C2=A0 the=C2=A0 European=C2=A0 _Ph= rag-<br> mites australis_ (Cav.) Trin. ssp. _australis_) has been rapidly<br> spreading=C2=A0 along=C2=A0 roadsides and invading and dominating wetlands<= br> in parts of southern Ontario and Quebec since=C2=A0 the=C2=A0 early=C2=A0 1= 990s<br> (Schueler=C2=A0 2000a,=C2=A0 b,=C2=A0 Robichaud=C2=A0 & Catling 2003, C= atling et al.<br> 2003). The invasion and domination of native=C2=A0 plant=C2=A0 communities<= br> led=C2=A0 to=C2=A0 a=C2=A0 substantial=C2=A0 reduction=C2=A0 in native biod= iversity (e.g.<br> Catling et al. 2003, Lavoie et=C2=A0 al.=C2=A0 2003).=C2=A0 Very=C2=A0 rece= ntly=C2=A0 the<br> status=C2=A0 of=C2=A0 the=C2=A0 alien race has been clarified in other part= s of<br> Canada (e.g. Martin 2003, Schueler et al. 2003). However, in the<br> Canadian maritime provinces its status has=C2=A0 been=C2=A0 unclear=C2=A0 u= ntil<br> recently=C2=A0 when=C2=A0 both=C2=A0 field=C2=A0 study=C2=A0 and=C2=A0 a da= tabase of herbarium<br> records was completed. The herbarium records=C2=A0 database=C2=A0 includes<= br> data=C2=A0 from=C2=A0 all major herbarium collections in Canada (including<= br> those of particular importance with regard to the maritimes such<br> as ACAD, CAN, DAO, MT, MTMG, NFLD,=C2=A0 NSPM,=C2=A0 UNB).=C2=A0 The=C2=A0 = value=C2=A0 of<br> herbarium=C2=A0 specimens=C2=A0 in=C2=A0 understanding=C2=A0 status=C2=A0 a= nd=C2=A0 spread was<br> increased when a method of distinguishing the=C2=A0 races=C2=A0 using=C2=A0= the<br> floral=C2=A0 character=C2=A0 of=C2=A0 lower=C2=A0 glume=C2=A0 length (Robic= haud & Catling<br> 2003) made it possible=C2=A0 to=C2=A0 identify=C2=A0 many=C2=A0 herbarium= =C2=A0 specimens<br> lacking=C2=A0 the=C2=A0 distinctive=C2=A0 lower stem characters.=C2=A0 The = alien in-<br> vasive race was distinguished from the=C2=A0 native=C2=A0 race=C2=A0 by=C2= =A0 having<br> first=C2=A0 glumes=C2=A0 4.1=C2=A0 mm=C2=A0 long=C2=A0 or=C2=A0 less and lo= wer stem internodes<br> yellow or brownish instead of reddish-purple=C2=A0 (Robichaud=C2=A0 &= =C2=A0 Ca-<br> tling=C2=A0 2003). A chemical method for distinguishing the races has<br> also recently become available (Saltonstall 2003). The following<br> notes, arranged=C2=A0 by=C2=A0 province,=C2=A0 are=C2=A0 derived=C2=A0 from= =C2=A0 response=C2=A0 to<br> several=C2=A0 questions regarding the status of the alien race in the<br> maritime region.<br> <br> NEWFOUNDLAND:<br> <br> The only record is that of a specimen=C2=A0 collected=C2=A0 from=C2=A0 Step= hen-<br> ville=C2=A0 Barachois=C2=A0 by=C2=A0 R.=C2=A0 Day in 1991 (DAO). The native= race has<br> apparently not been recorded in the province.<br> <br> NEW BRUNSWICK:<br> <br> Of the locations mapped by=C2=A0 Hinds=C2=A0 (2000,=C2=A0 p.=C2=A0 606),=C2= =A0 only=C2=A0 that<br> collected=C2=A0 from=C2=A0 2 km S of Beaver Dam in Sunbury County by H. R.<= br> Hinds in 1981 (MTMG, UNB) was referable to the introduced=C2=A0 race.<br> A=C2=A0 depauperate specimen from the salt marsh at St. Louis Cape in<br> Kent County collected by P. R. Roberts and B. Pugh in 1965 (UNB)<br> has a lower glumes approx. 4.0 mm long but lacks=C2=A0 stem=C2=A0 and=C2=A0= was<br> not assigned to race. In 2003 the alien race was collected by P.<br> M.=C2=A0 Catling=C2=A0 at=C2=A0 two=C2=A0 locations=C2=A0 on=C2=A0 the Tran= s Canada highway at<br> Sackville (DAO). Here it occurred within 20 m of the paved=C2=A0 edge<br> of=C2=A0 the=C2=A0 highway.=C2=A0 From=C2=A0 here=C2=A0 it=C2=A0 may=C2=A0 = spread into the adjacent<br> Tantramar=C2=A0 Marshes=C2=A0 and=C2=A0 displace=C2=A0 the=C2=A0 native=C2= =A0 =C2=A0race=C2=A0 =C2=A0of=C2=A0 =C2=A0_P.<br> australis_,=C2=A0 =C2=A0 (which=C2=A0 =C2=A0 is=C2=A0 =C2=A0presumably=C2= =A0 =C2=A0referable=C2=A0 =C2=A0to=C2=A0 =C2=A0ssp.<br> _berlandieri_, see Fernald 1932). Schueler (2000b,=C2=A0 2002)=C2=A0 found<= br> _Phragmites=C2=A0 australis_=C2=A0 absent from sides of major roads in New<= br> Brunswick (and Prince Edward Island) so that the=C2=A0 occurrence=C2=A0 in<= br> the Sackville area along the major highway is almost certainly a<br> recent=C2=A0 phenomenon.=C2=A0 This=C2=A0 conclusion=C2=A0 is supported by = the small<br> size of the clones present, i.e. only several m2.<br> <br> PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND:<br> <br> At the present time only the native race is=C2=A0 known=C2=A0 from=C2=A0 Pr= ince<br> Edward=C2=A0 Island=C2=A0 and it is considered rare in the province (Day &a= mp;<br> Catling 1991). It was collected from the Dunk River=C2=A0 estuary=C2=A0 in<= br> Bedeque=C2=A0 by=C2=A0 M. L. Fernald and H. St. John in 1914 (CAN, MT) and<= br> later by D. Erskine and A. J. Smith in 1953=C2=A0 (DAO,=C2=A0 MT).=C2=A0 Pl= ants<br> reported=C2=A0 from=C2=A0 Lennox Island (Day & Catling 1991) have not b= een<br> seen.<br> <br> NOVA SCOTIA:<br> <br> =C2=A0 Most of the locations mapped for Nova Scotia=C2=A0 (Roland=C2=A0 &am= p;=C2=A0 Smith<br> 1969,=C2=A0 Zinck 1998) represent the native race. The obvious excep-<br> tions are the specimens from Annapolis Royal and Bridgetown. The<br> alien race was first collected=C2=A0 at=C2=A0 Annapolis=C2=A0 Royal=C2=A0 i= n=C2=A0 by=C2=A0 J.<br> Macoun=C2=A0 in=C2=A0 1910 (CAN), and subsequently by M. L. Fernald and B.<= br> Long in 1921 (ACAD, CAN, MT), by H. E. Perry and M. V. Roscoe in<br> 1928 (ACAD), by G. C. Warren in 1938 (ACAD), W. G. Dore in=C2=A0 1940<br> (DAO),=C2=A0 F. Kinsman in 1949 (DAO), M. S. Brown in 1949 (NSPM), P.<br> Douglas in 1949 (NSPM), J. R. Jotchan in 1978 (ACAD), E.=C2=A0 Specht<br> in=C2=A0 1979=C2=A0 (ACAD),=C2=A0 P.=C2=A0 M. Catling, S. Carbyn and J. Ach= enbach in<br> 2003 (DAO). It is believed in Annapolis=C2=A0 Royal=C2=A0 that=C2=A0 the=C2= =A0 alien<br> race=C2=A0 was introduced with straw on trains carrying Elephants and<br> other circus animals in the early=C2=A0 1900s=C2=A0 (J.=C2=A0 Achenbach,=C2= =A0 pers.<br> comm.).=C2=A0 It=C2=A0 is=C2=A0 locally called Elephant Grass. For many dec= ades<br> the occurrence of this gigantic (to 4=C2=A0 m=C2=A0 tall=C2=A0 in=C2=A0 one= =C2=A0 season)<br> grass=C2=A0 in and around Annapolis Royal was recognized as a remark-<br> able occurrence. Interestingly the Common=C2=A0 Reed=C2=A0 growing=C2=A0 ar= ound<br> Annapolis=C2=A0 Royal=C2=A0 was used to thatch a restored Acadian dwelling<= br> in the same way that the Acadians used the native race. Prior to<br> the dyking which began around 1700, the=C2=A0 native=C2=A0 race=C2=A0 may= =C2=A0 have<br> been much more abundant in the Fundy tidal marshes.<br> <br> The alien race was also recorded relatively early at Bridgetown.<br> Here=C2=A0 H.=C2=A0 G.=C2=A0 Perry=C2=A0 and=C2=A0 M. V. Roscoe made a coll= ection in 1928<br> (ACAD, MTMG, NSPM). Despite the continuity of=C2=A0 collections=C2=A0 from<= br> Annapolis=C2=A0 Royal,=C2=A0 there=C2=A0 was=C2=A0 a=C2=A0 gap=C2=A0 of 44 = years until another<br> locality of the alien race was recorded, this being=C2=A0 from=C2=A0 South<= br> Brookfield=C2=A0 where=C2=A0 it=C2=A0 was=C2=A0 collected=C2=A0 by P. L. Co= meau and J. M.<br> Stanley in 1972 (NSPM). There are several=C2=A0 more=C2=A0 recent=C2=A0 col= lec-<br> tions;=C2=A0 Big Pine Lake by M. Zinck and R. Ogilvie in 1992 (NSPM),<br> Sable River by R.E. and R.B. Newell in 1993 (ACAD),=C2=A0 south=C2=A0 side<= br> of=C2=A0 Annapolis=C2=A0 River at Middleton by P.M. Catling in 2003 (DAO),<= br> junction of Trans Canada Highway 104 at Highway=C2=A0 102=C2=A0 by=C2=A0 P.= =C2=A0 M.<br> Catling=C2=A0 (DAO),=C2=A0 Highway=C2=A0 101=C2=A0 at Grand Pr=C3=A9 by S. = Carbyn in 2003<br> (DAO), 2 km W of Dodge Road overpass on Hwy 101 3 km W=C2=A0 of=C2=A0 exit<= br> 17=C2=A0 (Kingston/Greenwood)=C2=A0 by=C2=A0 S.=C2=A0 Carbyn in 2003 (DAO),= 1 km W of<br> exit 16 Hwy 101(Aylesford exit) by S. Carbyn in 2003.=C2=A0 All=C2=A0 of<br= > these=C2=A0 are=C2=A0 within 20 m of a paved road suggesting that vehicles<= br> and roads are the means and pathway of invasion.<br> <br> Conclusions<br> <br> Although the alien race=C2=A0 became=C2=A0 established=C2=A0 in=C2=A0 the= =C2=A0 maritimes<br> almost=C2=A0 100=C2=A0 years=C2=A0 ago, it appears to have spread only rece= ntly<br> and is apparently spreading=C2=A0 by=C2=A0 means=C2=A0 of=C2=A0 vehicle=C2= =A0 traffic=C2=A0 on<br> roads.=C2=A0 This parallels the situation elsewhere in eastern Canada<br> (Catling et al. 2003).=C2=A0 Although=C2=A0 the=C2=A0 alien=C2=A0 race=C2= =A0 is=C2=A0 invading<br> agricultural=C2=A0 land, including cornfields in southern Quebec, its<br> most serious impact to date has been the replacement of=C2=A0 diverse<br> native vegetation in wetlands with significant loss of biodiver-<br> sity=C2=A0 in=C2=A0 general.=C2=A0 Considering=C2=A0 its=C2=A0 impact on At= lantic coastal<br> marshes in the United States (e.g. Blossey 2002,=C2=A0 Marks=C2=A0 et=C2=A0= al.<br> 1994,=C2=A0 Meyerson=C2=A0 et=C2=A0 al.=C2=A0 2000),=C2=A0 marshes along th= e St. Lawrence<br> River (e.g. Lavoie et al. 2003) and wetlands in southern Ontario<br> (pers. ob.), it is considered a threat to=C2=A0 the=C2=A0 biodiversity=C2= =A0 of<br> the=C2=A0 Bay=C2=A0 of=C2=A0 Fundy=C2=A0 marshes.=C2=A0 Since its spread in= to much of the<br> region is recent, there is an opportunity for regional=C2=A0 control,<br> especially=C2=A0 around major brackish marshes. For example, invasion<br> of the upper levels of the Tantramar Marshes, at the head of the<br> Bay of Fundy, may be prevented by eliminating=C2=A0 patches=C2=A0 invading<= br> along=C2=A0 the=C2=A0 Trans=C2=A0 Canada=C2=A0 highway (hwy 104), and monit= oring the<br> adjacent marshlands.<br> <br> Acknowlegements<br> <br> Jef Achenbach of Annapolis Royal assisted with field work in the<br> Annapolis valley region.=C2=A0 The=C2=A0 development=C2=A0 of=C2=A0 a=C2=A0= database=C2=A0 was<br> supported by the Federal Biodiversity Information Partnership.<br> <br> References<br> <br> Blossey,=C2=A0 B.=C2=A0 2002. Replacement of native North American _Phrag-<= br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 mites australis_ by introduced invasive genotypes. _Botanical= <br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 Electronic News_ 284: 1-3.<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 <a href=3D"http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben284.html= " rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/b= en/ben284.html</a><br> Catling, P. M., F. W. Schueler, L.=C2=A0 Robichaud=C2=A0 and=C2=A0 B.=C2=A0= Blossey.<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 2003.=C2=A0 More=C2=A0 on=C2=A0 _Phragmites_=C2=A0 - native a= nd introduced races.<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 _Canadian Botanical Association Bulletin_ 36(1): 4 - 7.<br> Erskine, D. S. 1985.=C2=A0 _The=C2=A0 plants=C2=A0 of=C2=A0 Prince=C2=A0 Ed= ward=C2=A0 Island_.<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 Research=C2=A0 Branch, Agriculture Canada publication 1798 (p= ubli-<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 cation 1088, 1960, reprinted). 272 p.<br> Fernald, M. L. 1932. _Phragmites communis_ Trin.=C2=A0 var.=C2=A0 _berlan-<= br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 dieri_ (Fournier) comb. nov. _Rhodora_ 34: 211-212.<br> Hinds,=C2=A0 H.=C2=A0 R.=C2=A0 2000.=C2=A0 _Flora=C2=A0 of=C2=A0 New=C2=A0 = Brunswick_. 2nd edition.<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick.=C2= =A0 695<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 p.<br> Lavoie,=C2=A0 C., M. Jean, F. Delisle and G. Letourneau. 2003. Exotic<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 plant species of the St. Lawrence River wetlands:=C2=A0 a=C2= =A0 spatial<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 and=C2=A0 historical=C2=A0 analysis. _Journal of Biogeography= _ 30: 537-<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 549.<br> Marks, M., B. Lapin and J. Randall. 1994. _Phragmites australis_<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 (_P.=C2=A0 communis_):=C2=A0 Threats,=C2=A0 =C2=A0management,= =C2=A0 =C2=A0and=C2=A0 =C2=A0monitoring.<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 _Natural Areas Journal_ 14: 285-294.<br> Martin,=C2=A0 M.=C2=A0 2003.=C2=A0 Common=C2=A0 Reed (_Phragmites australis= _) in the<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 Okanagan=C2=A0 Valley,=C2=A0 British=C2=A0 =C2=A0Columbia,=C2= =A0 =C2=A0Canada.=C2=A0 =C2=A0_Botanical<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 Electronic News_ 318: 1.<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 <a href=3D"http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben318.html= " rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/b= en/ben318.html</a><br> Meyerson,=C2=A0 L.=C2=A0 A., K. Saltonstall, L. Windham, E. Kiviat, and S.<= br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 Findlay. 2000. A=C2=A0 comparison=C2=A0 of=C2=A0 _Phragmites= =C2=A0 australis_=C2=A0 in<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 freshwater=C2=A0 and brackish marsh environments in North Ame= rica.<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 _Wetlands Ecology and Management_ 8: 89-103<br> Robichaud, L. and P. M. Catling, 2003. Potential value of=C2=A0 glume<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 length=C2=A0 in=C2=A0 differentiating=C2=A0 native and alien = races of Common<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 Reed, _Phragmites=C2=A0 australis_.=C2=A0 _Botanical=C2=A0 El= ectronic=C2=A0 News_<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 310: 1-3.<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 <a href=3D"http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben310.html= " rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/b= en/ben310.html</a><br> Roland,=C2=A0 A.E.=C2=A0 and E.C. Smith. 1969. _The flora of Nova Scotia_.<= br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 Nova Scotia Museum. Reprinted from _Proceedings of=C2=A0 the= =C2=A0 Nova<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 Scotian Institute of Science_, 26: 1-238, 277-743.<br> Saltonstall,=C2=A0 K. 2003. A rapid method for identifying the origin<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 of North American Phragmites populations using RFLP analysis.= <br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 Wetlands 23(4): 1043-1047.<br> Schueler, F. W. 2000a. Monster Grass an Invasive or Native. _SER<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 Ontario News=C2=A0 (Newsletter=C2=A0 of=C2=A0 the=C2=A0 Ontar= io=C2=A0 Chapter=C2=A0 of=C2=A0 the<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 Society=C2=A0 for Ecological Restoration_) 6(1), Spring 2000.= 2 p.<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 <a href=3D"http://www.serontario.org/pdfs/may00.pdf" rel=3D"n= oreferrer" target=3D"_blank">www.serontario.org/pdfs/may00.pdf</a><br> Schueler, F. W. 2000b. GPS Surveys for=C2=A0 _Phragmites_=C2=A0 and=C2=A0 o= ther<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 invasives.=C2=A0 _SER=C2=A0 Ontario=C2=A0 News=C2=A0 (Newslet= ter=C2=A0 of=C2=A0 the Ontario<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 Chapter of the Society=C2=A0 for=C2=A0 Ecological=C2=A0 Resto= ration_)=C2=A0 6(1),<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 Spring 2000. 2pp. <a href=3D"http://www.serontario.org/pdfs/m= ay00.pdf" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">www.serontario.org/pdfs/may0= 0.pdf</a><br> Schueler,=C2=A0 F.=C2=A0 W. 2002. Distribution of roadside _Phragmites_ in<= br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 Canada. _Phragmites australis_: A Sheep in=C2=A0 Wolf's= =C2=A0 Clothing?<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 _Technical=C2=A0 Forum=C2=A0 6-9=C2=A0 January=C2=A0 2002,=C2= =A0 Vineland New Jersey_,<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 abstract pp 27-28.<br> Schueler, F. W., A. Karstad and J. H. Schueler. 2003. Non-native<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 _Phragmites=C2=A0 communis_=C2=A0 in=C2=A0 =C2=A0British=C2= =A0 =C2=A0Columbia.=C2=A0 =C2=A0_Botanical<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 Electronic News_ 315: 1<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 <a href=3D"http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben315.html= " rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/b= en/ben315.html</a><br> Zinck,=C2=A0 M.=C2=A0 1998.=C2=A0 _Roland's=C2=A0 flora of Nova Scotia_= . Nimbus Pub-<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 lishing and Nova Scotia Musem. Halifax. 2 vol. 1296 p.<br> <br> <br> -- <br> ------------------------------------------------------------<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 Frederick W. Schueler & Aleta Karsta= d<br> =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 =C2=A0 Fragile Inheritance Natural History<br> Mudpuppy Night in Oxford Mills - <a href=3D"https://www.facebook.com/Mudpup= pyNight/" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">https://www.facebook.com/Mud= puppyNight/</a><br> 'Daily' Paintings - <a href=3D"http://karstaddailypaintings.blogspo= t.com/" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">http://karstaddailypaintings.b= logspot.com/</a><br> 4 St-Lawrence Street Bishops Mills, RR#2 Oxford Station, Ontario K0G 1T0<br= > =C2=A0 =C2=A0on the Smiths Falls Limestone Plain=C2=A0 44.87156=C2=B0 N 75.= 70095=C2=B0 W<br> (613)258-3107 <bckcdb at <a href=3D"http://istar.ca" rel=3D"noreferrer" = target=3D"_blank">istar.ca</a>> <a href=3D"http://pinicola.ca/" rel=3D"n= oreferrer" target=3D"_blank">http://pinicola.ca/</a><br> ------------------------------------------------------------<br> =C2=A0 nationally recognized as incapable of generating a net income from o= ur <br> work -<br> <a href=3D"http://www.wwf.ca/newsroom/?31661/Glen-Davis-Conservation-Leader= ship-Prize" rel=3D"noreferrer" target=3D"_blank">http://www.wwf.ca/newsroom= /?31661/Glen-Davis-Conservation-Leadership-Prize</a><br> ------------------------------------------------------------<br> </blockquote></div><br clear=3D"all"><div><br></div>-- <br><div dir=3D"ltr"= >Dr. N.M.Hill<br>Fern Hill Institute of Plant Conservation<br>424 Bentley R= oad, Berwick, NS, B0P 1E0<br><br>phone 902-698-0416</div> </blockquote></div> </blockquote></div><br clear=3D"all"><div><br></div>-- <br><div dir=3D"ltr"= class=3D"gmail_signature">Dr. N.M.Hill<br>Fern Hill Institute of Plant Con= servation<br>424 Bentley Road, Berwick, NS, B0P 1E0<br><br>phone 902-698-04= 16</div> --000000000000c401e305a86fd85e--
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