[NatureNS] the stat that woke me up

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Looks like a well conducted study as far as it goes, that added leachate fr=
om cigarette butts to water at several dilutions, and immersed fish in this=
 for 96 hours (4 days), with 4 * 5 fish used for each sample point.  As Nan=
cy summarizes, the LD50 (dose that was found lethal to 50% of the fish afte=
r the 4 days) was close to 1 butt per litre for the most lethal butts used =
(=91SCB=92 -- smoked, with some residual tobacco remaining unconsumed).  On=
e saltwater and one freshwater species was used.

The study established a clear damaging effect, but was not concerned with t=
he actual environmental levels of the thousands of compounds in the leachat=
e, so it would not be fair to criticize them for this.   It seems probable =
that any effects on marine species would likely be negligible, however, in =
most places even with butts discarded at the tide-line, because of dilution=
 and dispersal by wave action and currents into the much larger volume wher=
e there would be few or no butts.  Presumably this could be checked by anal=
yzing indicator chemicals (nicotine?) in particularly butt-polluted near-sh=
ore areas, with high-sensitivity methods that do exist.  I don=92t smoke an=
d am not advocating littering in this or any other case.

Dilution-dispersion would be less effective in small bodies of water like p=
onds with low rates of renewal, but what level of butt pollution would be s=
erious for the freshwater species used? =97 one litre is not a large volume=
.  For example, a 22-foot long swimming pool advertized by Canadian Tire ca=
n contain about 32670 liters.  To achieve a 1 butt-extract per litre level =
of lethality would require nearly 33,000 butts to be discarded into a small=
ish pond that size.

The article does not stress it and the graphs are hard to read at low dilut=
ions, but even in the most lethal SCB category there appears to be no obser=
vable effect (~100% survival) for either fish species at the lowest dilutio=
ns tried, of apparently 1/8 of 1/4 butt extract per litre.  So you could ti=
p at least 8000 SCB butts into such a swimming pool/pond and expect no leth=
al effect on these particular fish over 96 hours.  This does not mean there=
 would be no other damaging, sub-lethal or longer-term effects of course.

No one in their right mind should advocate discarding butts willy-nilly any=
where, but the above does point up the need for studies that look for delet=
erious effects at much greater toxin dilutions, not just lethality at the h=
uge concentration overloads described above that may never realistically be=
 encountered in Nature =97 or what=92s left of it.

Steve (Hfx)
-----------------------------------------------
On Jun 17, 2019, at 12:12 PM, N Robinson <nrobbyn@gmail.com<mailto:nrobbyn@=
gmail.com>> wrote:

The research was done by a team headed up by Elli Slaughter of San Diego Un=
iversity:  ellislaughter@hotmail.com<mailto:ellislaughter@hotmail.com>

Please note, I was wrong about having to pay for the article.  It is all he=
re:  https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/20/Suppl_1/i25

Here is part of the summary:

Methods Using US Environmental Protection Agency standard acute fish bioass=
ays, cigarette butt-derived leachate was analysed for aquatic toxicity. Sur=
vival was the single endpoint and data were analysed using Comprehensive En=
vironmental Toxicity Information System to identify the LC50 of cigarette b=
utt leachate to fish.

Results The LC50 for leachate from smoked cigarette butts (smoked filter + =
tobacco) was approximately one cigarette butt/l for both the marine topsmel=
t (Atherinops affinis) and the freshwater fathead minnow (Pimephales promel=
as). Leachate from smoked cigarette filters (no tobacco), was less toxic, w=
ith LC50 values of 1.8 and 4.3 cigarette butts/l, respectively for both fis=
h species. Unsmoked cigarette filters (no tobacco) were also found to be to=
xic, with LC50 values of 5.1 and 13.5 cigarette butts/l, respectively, for =
both fish species.

Conclusion Toxicity of cigarette butt leachate was found to increase from u=
nsmoked cigarette filters (no tobacco) to smoked cigarette filters (no toba=
cco) to smoked cigarette butts (smoked filter + tobacco). This study repres=
ents the first in the literature to investigate and affirm the toxicity of =
cigarette butts to fish, and will assist in assessing the potential ecologi=
cal risks of cigarette butts to the aquatic environment.

Happy reading! I would appreciate your comments on the research.

Nancy

On Mon, Jun 17, 2019 at 9:13 AM Ulli Hoeger <ullihoeger@yahoo.com<mailto:ul=
lihoeger@yahoo.com>> wrote:
Well, "New Scientist" is, to say it this way, a bit on the sensationalistic=
 site and tends to leave -often questionable and disputable- statements mad=
e in its articles unsupported, i.e. without providing sources that allow ve=
rification .
As already mentions the claim that "We have found that one cigarette butt s=
oaked in a litre of water for 96 hours leaches out enough toxins to kill ha=
lf of the fresh or salt water fish exposed to them." is not backed-up in an=
y way to allow verification. Who is "we" and where this study was done (and=
 published)?

Ulli

On Monday, June 17, 2019, 8:59:34 a.m. ADT, Don MacNeill <donmacneill@bella=
liant.net<mailto:donmacneill@bellaliant.net>> wrote:


I think of New Scientist as being a reputable publication but it would cert=
ainly be good to have the details of the experiment if people might act on =
the results.

Don

Don MacNeill donmacneill@bellaliant.net<mailto:donmacneill@bellaliant.net>
On 6/17/2019 9:13 AM, N Robinson wrote:
Here is the link to the article in New Scientist - no mention of any detail=
s of the "experiment".

https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22229750-200-time-to-kick-cigarette-=
butts-theyre-toxic-trash/

Nancy

On Mon, Jun 17, 2019 at 6:43 AM Don MacNeill <donmacneill@bellaliant.net<ma=
ilto:donmacneill@bellaliant.net>> wrote:
Comes from tobacco plants.  Warfarin is also dangerous but beneficial in sm=
all amounts.  It would be interesting to know if the study about fish death=
s had high or low concentrations of poisons from the filters in whatever am=
ount of water they used.

Don

Don MacNeill donmacneill@bellaliant.net<mailto:donmacneill@bellaliant.net>
On 6/16/2019 10:17 PM, Mary Macaulay wrote:
Cough
High grade poisonous fertilizer

With kindest regards

Mary (Macaulay), P.Eng.
CEO Insect Recovery Project
Social Enterprise - Tatamagouche Remember Adventures & Caper Cafe
Bed & Breakfast, Pedal Buggy, bike, kayak, coaster & snowshoe rentals, grea=
t bird friendly coffee, organic baking, breakfast & pasta, soups, stews, ve=
gan curries & chili, pollinator meadow, games & more!!
(Cafe/Buggies Open Wed to Sunday: 8:00 am - 3 pm; Tatamagouche B&B phone me=
 directly , Angevine Lake Chalet - book via Airbnb)
RememberAdventures.ca<http://rememberadventures.ca/> & InsectRecovery.org<h=
ttp://insectrecovery.org/>
1-902-293-1533
Twitter @RememberTata & @InsectRecovery

On Jun 16, 2019, at 9:01 PM, N Robinson <nrobbyn@gmail.com<mailto:nrobbyn@g=
mail.com>> wrote:


A Nova Scotia student has done something useful with the 37.4 pounds of cig=
arette butts he collected over three months on his campus, besides showing =
off what a horrible mess it was.  He sent them off to an Ontario company wh=
ere they make fertilizer out of them:

"Even though his class project has been completed, Johannesen said he plans=
 to keep picking up cigarette butts so he can send them to a recycling comp=
any in Toronto where the paper, tobacco, and ash will be turned into indust=
rial-grade fertilizer, which is most often used on golf courses."  The full=
 story can be found here:

https://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/nova-scotia-student-s-cigarette-butts-pile-=
growing-every-day-1.4367145

Your comments on that "high-grade fertilizer", please.

Nancy

On Sun, Jun 16, 2019 at 7:19 PM Mary Macaulay <marymacaulay@hotmail.com<mai=
lto:marymacaulay@hotmail.com>> wrote:
Please note that birds and other wildlife also directly ingest these highly=
 poisonous butts - another way in which this highly toxic trash contributes=
 to environmental harm. Hope no one on the list is excusing themselves from=
 littering in this way thinking they are helping out wildlife ..??

With kindest regards

Mary (Macaulay), P.Eng.
CEO Insect Recovery Project
Social Enterprise - Tatamagouche Remember Adventures & Caper Cafe
Bed & Breakfast, Pedal Buggy, bike, kayak, coaster & snowshoe rentals, grea=
t bird friendly coffee, organic baking, breakfast & pasta, soups, stews, ve=
gan curries & chili, pollinator meadow, games & more!!
(Cafe/Buggies Open Wed to Sunday: 8:00 am - 3 pm; Tatamagouche B&B phone me=
 directly , Angevine Lake Chalet - book via Airbnb)
RememberAdventures.ca<http://rememberadventures.ca/> & InsectRecovery.org<h=
ttp://insectrecovery.org/>
1-902-293-1533
Twitter @RememberTata & @InsectRecovery

On Jun 16, 2019, at 6:27 PM, Parker Donham <parker@donham.ca<mailto:parker@=
donham.ca>> wrote:

I asked Prof. Google about this, and she directed me to the following.

  *   From Scientific American:  Cigarette Butts in Nests Deter Bird Parasi=
tes<https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/culturing-science/cigarette-butts-=
in-nests-deter-bird-parasites/>
  *   From the Economist: Some birds use discarded cigarettes to fumigate t=
heir nests<https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2017/09/30/some=
-birds-use-discarded-cigarettes-to-fumigate-their-nests>
  *   From Nature: City birds use cigarette butts to smoke out parasites<ht=
tps://www.nature.com/news/city-birds-use-cigarette-butts-to-smoke-out-paras=
ites-1.11952>
  *   From the New Scientist:  From the New Scientist Birds use cigarette b=
utts for chemical warfare against ticks<https://www.newscientist.com/articl=
e/2138655-birds-use-cigarette-butts-for-chemical-warfare-against-ticks/>

These reports in the popular press all seem based on a single study by by t=
hree Mexico City researchers published in Biology Letters. The Royal Societ=
y has an abstract (but the full paper is behind the usual unconscionable ac=
ademic paywall):

  *   Incorporation of cigarette butts into nests reduces nest ectoparasite=
 load in urban birds: new ingredients for an old recipe?<https://royalsocie=
typublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0931>



On Sat, Jun 15, 2019 at 12:17 PM Ken J MacAulay <kenmacaulay@eastlink.ca<ma=
ilto:kenmacaulay@eastlink.ca>> wrote:
John there was a recent article on-line about wild bees using plastic to
line their  nests.  That article also mentioned birds using cigarette butts
in their nests to kill mites etc.  Like you, though, I can't remember if it
was on a news feed or a FaceBook article.  Here is a link to an article tha=
t
mentions the butt use at the end of the piece.

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/06/wild-bees-building-h=
omes-from-plastic/

Ken MacAulay
Port Mouton, NS



--
Parker Donham
  +1-902-565-5555
  parker@donham.ca<mailto:parker@donham.ca>
  Contrarian.ca<http://contrarian.ca/>




--
Nancy Robinson
514-605-7186





--
Nancy Robinson
514-605-7186





--
Nancy Robinson
514-605-7186




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<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv=3D"Content-Type" content=3D"text/html; charset=3DWindows-1=
252">
</head>
<body style=3D"word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-lin=
e-break: after-white-space;">
Looks like a well conducted study as far as it goes, that added leachate fr=
om cigarette butts to water at several dilutions, and immersed fish in this=
 for 96 hours (4 days), with 4 * 5 fish used for each sample point. &nbsp;A=
s Nancy summarizes, the LD50 (dose that
 was found lethal to 50% of the fish after the 4 days) was close to 1 butt =
per litre for the most lethal butts used (=91SCB=92 -- smoked, with some re=
sidual tobacco remaining unconsumed). &nbsp;One saltwater and one freshwate=
r species was used. &nbsp;
<div><br>
</div>
<div>The study established a clear damaging effect, but was not concerned w=
ith the actual environmental levels of the thousands of compounds in the le=
achate, so it would not be fair to criticize them for this. &nbsp; It seems=
 probable that any effects on marine
 species would likely be negligible, however, in most places even with butt=
s discarded at the tide-line, because of dilution and dispersal by wave act=
ion and currents into the much larger volume where there would be few or no=
 butts. &nbsp;Presumably this could be
 checked by analyzing indicator chemicals (nicotine?) in particularly butt-=
polluted near-shore areas, with high-sensitivity methods that do exist. &nb=
sp;I don=92t smoke and am not advocating littering in this or any other cas=
e.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Dilution-dispersion would be less effective in small bodies of water l=
ike ponds with low rates of renewal, but what level of butt pollution would=
 be serious for the freshwater species used? =97 one litre is not a large v=
olume. &nbsp;For example, a 22-foot long
 swimming pool advertized by Canadian Tire can contain about 32670 liters. =
&nbsp;To achieve a 1 butt-extract per litre level of lethality would requir=
e nearly 33,000 butts to be discarded into a smallish pond that size. &nbsp=
;</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>The article does not stress it and the graphs are hard to read at low =
dilutions, but even in the most lethal SCB category there appears to be no =
observable effect (~100% survival) for either fish species at the lowest di=
lutions tried, of apparently 1/8
 of 1/4 butt extract per litre. &nbsp;So you could tip at least 8000 SCB bu=
tts into such a swimming pool/pond and expect no lethal effect on these par=
ticular fish over 96 hours. &nbsp;This does not mean there would be no othe=
r damaging, sub-lethal or longer-term effects
 of course.&nbsp;</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>No one in their right mind should advocate discarding butts willy-nill=
y anywhere, but the above does point up the need for studies that look for =
deleterious effects at much greater toxin dilutions, not just lethality at =
the huge concentration overloads
 described above that may never realistically be encountered in Nature =97 =
or what=92s left of it.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Steve (Hfx) &nbsp;</div>
<div>-----------------------------------------------<br>
<div>
<div>On Jun 17, 2019, at 12:12 PM, N Robinson &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:nrobbyn=
@gmail.com">nrobbyn@gmail.com</a>&gt; wrote:</div>
<br class=3D"Apple-interchange-newline">
<blockquote type=3D"cite">
<div dir=3D"ltr">
<div dir=3D"ltr">
<div dir=3D"ltr">
<div dir=3D"ltr">
<div>The research was done by a team headed up by Elli Slaughter of San Die=
go University:&nbsp;
ellislaughter@hotmail.com<=
br>
<br>
</div>
<div>Please note, I was wrong about having to pay for the article.&nbsp; It=
 is all here:&nbsp;
<a href=3D"https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/20/Suppl_1/i25">https://t=
obaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/20/Suppl_1/i25</a><br>
</div>
<br>
Here is part of the summary:<br>
<div class=3D"gmail-subsection" id=3D"gmail-sec-2">
<p id=3D"gmail-p-3"><strong>Methods</strong> Using US Environmental Protect=
ion Agency standard acute fish bioassays, cigarette butt-derived leachate w=
as analysed for aquatic toxicity. Survival was the single endpoint and data=
 were analysed using Comprehensive
 Environmental Toxicity Information System to identify the LC50 of cigarett=
e butt leachate to fish.</p>
</div>
<div class=3D"gmail-subsection" id=3D"gmail-sec-3">
<p id=3D"gmail-p-4"><strong>Results</strong> The LC50 for leachate from smo=
ked cigarette butts (smoked filter &#43; tobacco) was approximately one cig=
arette butt/l for both the marine topsmelt (<em>Atherinops affinis</em>) an=
d the freshwater fathead minnow (<em>Pimephales
 promelas</em>). Leachate from smoked cigarette filters (no tobacco), was l=
ess toxic, with LC50 values of 1.8 and 4.3 cigarette butts/l, respectively =
for both fish species. Unsmoked cigarette filters (no tobacco) were also fo=
und to be toxic, with LC50 values
 of 5.1 and 13.5 cigarette butts/l, respectively, for both fish species.</p=
>
</div>
<div class=3D"gmail-subsection" id=3D"gmail-sec-4">
<p id=3D"gmail-p-5"><strong>Conclusion</strong> Toxicity of cigarette butt =
leachate was found to increase from unsmoked cigarette filters (no tobacco)=
 to smoked cigarette filters (no tobacco) to smoked cigarette butts (smoked=
 filter &#43; tobacco). This study represents
 the first in the literature to investigate and affirm the toxicity of ciga=
rette butts to fish, and will assist in assessing the potential ecological =
risks of cigarette butts to the aquatic environment.</p>
</div>
Happy reading! I would appreciate your comments on the research.<br>
<br>
Nancy<br>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<div class=3D"gmail_quote">
<div class=3D"gmail_attr" dir=3D"ltr">On Mon, Jun 17, 2019 at 9:13 AM Ulli =
Hoeger &lt;ullihoeger@yahoo.com=
&gt; wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204=
,204,204);padding-left:1ex" class=3D"gmail_quote">
<div style=3D"font-family:Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-si=
ze:13px" class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydp2f67b3f2yahoo-style-wrap">
<div></div>
<div>Well, &quot;New Scientist&quot; is, to say it this way, a bit on the s=
ensationalistic site and tends to leave -often questionable and disputable-=
 statements made in its articles unsupported, i.e. without providing source=
s that allow verification .</div>
<div>As already mentions the claim that &quot;<span>We have found that one =
cigarette butt soaked in a litre of water for 96 hours leaches out enough t=
oxins to kill half of the fresh or salt water fish exposed to them.&quot; i=
s not backed-up in any way to allow verification.
 Who is &quot;we&quot; and where this study was done (and published)?&nbsp;=
</span></div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Ulli<br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
</div>
<div class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayahoo_quoted" id=3D"gma=
il-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayahoo_quoted_1466365548">
<div style=3D"font-family:&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;,Helvetica,Arial,sans-s=
erif;font-size:13px;color:rgb(38,40,42)">
<div>On Monday, June 17, 2019, 8:59:34 a.m. ADT, Don MacNeill &lt;<a target=
=3D"_blank" href=3D"mailto:donmacneill@bellaliant.net">donmacneill@bellalia=
nt.net</a>&gt; wrote:
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>
<div id=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870">
<div><font face=3D"Calibri">I think of New Scientist as being a reputable p=
ublication but it would certainly be good to have the details of the experi=
ment if people might act on the results.<br clear=3D"none">
<br clear=3D"none">
Don<br clear=3D"none">
<br clear=3D"none">
</font>
<div class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870moz-signat=
ure">Don MacNeill
<a target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nofollow" href=3D"mailto:donmacneill@bellaliant=
.net" class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870moz-txt-l=
ink-abbreviated" shape=3D"rect">
donmacneill@bellaliant.net</a></div>
<div id=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870yqt84989" cla=
ss=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870yqt5718917860">
<div class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870moz-cite-p=
refix">On 6/17/2019 9:13 AM, N Robinson wrote:<br clear=3D"none">
</div>
<blockquote type=3D"cite"></blockquote>
</div>
</div>
<div id=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870yqt64684" cla=
ss=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870yqt5718917860">
<div dir=3D"ltr">
<div dir=3D"ltr">Here is the link to the article in <i>New Scientist</i> - =
no mention of any details of the &quot;experiment&quot;.<br clear=3D"none">
<br clear=3D"none">
<a target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nofollow" href=3D"https://www.newscientist.com/=
article/mg22229750-200-time-to-kick-cigarette-butts-theyre-toxic-trash/" sh=
ape=3D"rect">https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22229750-200-time-to-ki=
ck-cigarette-butts-theyre-toxic-trash/</a><br clear=3D"none">
<br clear=3D"none">
</div>
<div>Nancy<br clear=3D"none">
</div>
</div>
<br clear=3D"none">
<div class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870gmail_quot=
e">
<div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv51633738=
70gmail_attr">
On Mon, Jun 17, 2019 at 6:43 AM Don MacNeill &lt;<a target=3D"_blank" rel=
=3D"nofollow" href=3D"mailto:donmacneill@bellaliant.net" shape=3D"rect">don=
macneill@bellaliant.net</a>&gt; wrote:<br clear=3D"none">
</div>
<blockquote style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204=
,204,204);padding-left:1ex" class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618a=
yiv5163373870gmail_quote">
<div><font face=3D"Calibri">Comes from tobacco plants.&nbsp; Warfarin is al=
so dangerous but beneficial in small amounts.&nbsp; It would be interesting=
 to know if the study about fish deaths had high or low concentrations of p=
oisons from the filters in whatever amount of
 water they used.<br clear=3D"none">
<br clear=3D"none">
Don<br clear=3D"none">
<br clear=3D"none">
</font>
<div class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870gmail-m_65=
84699392451629370moz-signature">
Don MacNeill <a target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nofollow" href=3D"mailto:donmacnei=
ll@bellaliant.net" class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv516337=
3870gmail-m_6584699392451629370moz-txt-link-abbreviated" shape=3D"rect">
donmacneill@bellaliant.net</a></div>
<div class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870gmail-m_65=
84699392451629370moz-cite-prefix">
On 6/16/2019 10:17 PM, Mary Macaulay wrote:<br clear=3D"none">
</div>
<blockquote type=3D"cite">Cough
<div>High grade poisonous fertilizer<br clear=3D"none">
<br clear=3D"none">
<div id=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870gmail-m_65846=
99392451629370AppleMailSignature" dir=3D"ltr">
<div><span>With kindest regards</span></div>
<div><span><br clear=3D"none">
</span></div>
<div>
<div>
<div><span>Mary (Macaulay), P.Eng.</span></div>
<div><span>CEO Insect Recovery Project</span></div>
<div>
<div><span>Social Enterprise - Tatamagouche Remember Adventures &amp; Caper=
 Cafe</span></div>
<div><span>Bed &amp; Breakfast, Pedal Buggy, bike, kayak, coaster &amp; sno=
wshoe rentals, great bird friendly coffee, organic baking, breakfast &amp; =
pasta, soups, stews, vegan curries &amp; chili, pollinator meadow, games &a=
mp; more!!&nbsp;</span></div>
<div><span>(Cafe/Buggies Open Wed to Sunday: 8:00 am - 3 pm; Tatamagouche B=
&amp;B phone me directly , Angevine Lake Chalet - book via Airbnb)</span></=
div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div><span><a target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nofollow" href=3D"http://rememberadv=
entures.ca/" shape=3D"rect">RememberAdventures.ca</a> &amp;
<a target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nofollow" href=3D"http://insectrecovery.org/" s=
hape=3D"rect">
InsectRecovery.org</a></span></div>
<div><span>1-902-293-1533</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div><span>Twitter @RememberTata &amp; @InsectRecovery</span></div>
</div>
<div dir=3D"ltr"><br clear=3D"none">
On Jun 16, 2019, at 9:01 PM, N Robinson &lt;<a target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nof=
ollow" href=3D"mailto:nrobbyn@gmail.com" shape=3D"rect">nrobbyn@gmail.com</=
a>&gt; wrote:<br clear=3D"none">
<br clear=3D"none">
</div>
<blockquote type=3D"cite">
<div dir=3D"ltr">
<div dir=3D"ltr">
<div dir=3D"ltr">
<div dir=3D"ltr">&nbsp; <br clear=3D"none">
A Nova Scotia student has done something useful with the 37.4 pounds of cig=
arette butts he collected over three months on his campus, besides showing =
off what a horrible mess it was.&nbsp; He sent them off to an Ontario compa=
ny where they make fertilizer out of
 them:<br clear=3D"none">
<br clear=3D"none">
&quot;Even though his class project has been completed, Johannesen said he =
plans to keep picking up cigarette butts so he can send them to a recycling=
 company in Toronto where the paper, tobacco, and ash will be turned into i=
ndustrial-grade fertilizer, which is
 most often used on golf courses.&quot;&nbsp; The full story can be found h=
ere: <br clear=3D"none">
<br clear=3D"none">
<a target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nofollow" href=3D"https://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-te=
ch/nova-scotia-student-s-cigarette-butts-pile-growing-every-day-1.4367145" =
shape=3D"rect">https://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/nova-scotia-student-s-cigare=
tte-butts-pile-growing-every-day-1.4367145</a><br clear=3D"none">
<br clear=3D"none">
</div>
<div>Your comments on that &quot;high-grade fertilizer&quot;, please.&nbsp;=
 <br clear=3D"none">
<br clear=3D"none">
Nancy<br clear=3D"none">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br clear=3D"none">
<div class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870gmail_quot=
e">
<div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv51633738=
70gmail_attr">
On Sun, Jun 16, 2019 at 7:19 PM Mary Macaulay &lt;<a target=3D"_blank" rel=
=3D"nofollow" href=3D"mailto:marymacaulay@hotmail.com" shape=3D"rect">marym=
acaulay@hotmail.com</a>&gt; wrote:<br clear=3D"none">
</div>
<blockquote style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204=
,204,204);padding-left:1ex" class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618a=
yiv5163373870gmail_quote">
<div>Please note that birds and other wildlife also directly ingest these h=
ighly poisonous butts - another way in which this highly toxic trash contri=
butes to environmental harm. Hope no one on the list is excusing themselves=
 from littering in this way thinking
 they are helping out wildlife ..??<br clear=3D"none">
<br clear=3D"none">
<div id=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870gmail-m_65846=
99392451629370gmail-m_3658703734265637831AppleMailSignature" dir=3D"ltr">
<div><span>With kindest regards</span></div>
<div><span><br clear=3D"none">
</span></div>
<div>
<div>
<div><span>Mary (Macaulay), P.Eng.</span></div>
<div><span>CEO Insect Recovery Project</span></div>
<div>
<div><span>Social Enterprise - Tatamagouche Remember Adventures &amp; Caper=
 Cafe</span></div>
<div><span>Bed &amp; Breakfast, Pedal Buggy, bike, kayak, coaster &amp; sno=
wshoe rentals, great bird friendly coffee, organic baking, breakfast &amp; =
pasta, soups, stews, vegan curries &amp; chili, pollinator meadow, games &a=
mp; more!!&nbsp;</span></div>
<div><span>(Cafe/Buggies Open Wed to Sunday: 8:00 am - 3 pm; Tatamagouche B=
&amp;B phone me directly , Angevine Lake Chalet - book via Airbnb)</span></=
div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<div><span><a target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nofollow" href=3D"http://rememberadv=
entures.ca/" shape=3D"rect">RememberAdventures.ca</a> &amp;
<a target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nofollow" href=3D"http://insectrecovery.org/" s=
hape=3D"rect">
InsectRecovery.org</a></span></div>
<div><span>1-902-293-1533</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div><span>Twitter @RememberTata &amp; @InsectRecovery</span></div>
</div>
<div dir=3D"ltr"><br clear=3D"none">
On Jun 16, 2019, at 6:27 PM, Parker Donham &lt;<a target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"=
nofollow" href=3D"mailto:parker@donham.ca" shape=3D"rect">parker@donham.ca<=
/a>&gt; wrote:<br clear=3D"none">
<br clear=3D"none">
</div>
<blockquote type=3D"cite">
<div dir=3D"ltr">
<div dir=3D"ltr">
<div style=3D"font-size:small" class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f96=
18ayiv5163373870gmail_default">
I asked Prof. Google about this, and she directed me to the following.</div=
>
<div class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870gmail_defa=
ult">
<ul>
<li>From Scientific American:<b><a target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nofollow" href=
=3D"https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/culturing-science/cigarette-butts-=
in-nests-deter-bird-parasites/" shape=3D"rect">&nbsp; Cigarette Butts in Ne=
sts Deter Bird Parasites</a></b></li><li>From the Economist:<a target=3D"_b=
lank" rel=3D"nofollow" href=3D"https://www.economist.com/science-and-techno=
logy/2017/09/30/some-birds-use-discarded-cigarettes-to-fumigate-their-nests=
" shape=3D"rect"><font size=3D"2"><span class=3D"gmail-m_369554196506095600=
3ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870gmail-m_6584699392451629370gmail-m_365870373426563=
7831gmail-flytitle-and-title__title">
<b>Some birds use discarded cigarettes to fumigate their nests</b></span></=
font></a></li><li>From Nature: <b><a target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nofollow" hre=
f=3D"https://www.nature.com/news/city-birds-use-cigarette-butts-to-smoke-ou=
t-parasites-1.11952" shape=3D"rect">City birds use cigarette butts to smoke=
 out parasites</a></b></li><li>From the New Scientist:&nbsp; <b><a target=
=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nofollow" href=3D"https://www.newscientist.com/article/2=
138655-birds-use-cigarette-butts-for-chemical-warfare-against-ticks/" shape=
=3D"rect"><font size=3D"2">From the New Scientist Birds use cigarette butts
 for chemical warfare against ticks</font></a></b></li></ul>
These reports in the popular press all seem based on a single study by by t=
hree Mexico City researchers published in Biology Letters. The Royal Societ=
y has an abstract (but the full paper is behind the usual unconscionable ac=
ademic paywall):&nbsp;
<br clear=3D"none">
<ul>
<li><a target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nofollow" href=3D"https://royalsocietypubli=
shing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0931" shape=3D"rect"><b>Incorporation =
of cigarette butts into nests reduces nest ectoparasite load in urban birds=
: new ingredients for an old recipe?</b></a></li></ul>
<div><b><br clear=3D"none">
</b></div>
<div><br clear=3D"none">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br clear=3D"none">
<div class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870gmail_quot=
e">
<div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv51633738=
70gmail_attr">
On Sat, Jun 15, 2019 at 12:17 PM Ken J MacAulay &lt;<a target=3D"_blank" re=
l=3D"nofollow" href=3D"mailto:kenmacaulay@eastlink.ca" shape=3D"rect">kenma=
caulay@eastlink.ca</a>&gt; wrote:<br clear=3D"none">
</div>
<blockquote style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204=
,204,204);padding-left:1ex" class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618a=
yiv5163373870gmail_quote">
John there was a recent article on-line about wild bees using plastic to <b=
r clear=3D"none">
line their&nbsp; nests.&nbsp; That article also mentioned birds using cigar=
ette butts <br clear=3D"none">
in their nests to kill mites etc.&nbsp; Like you, though, I can't remember =
if it <br clear=3D"none">
was on a news feed or a FaceBook article.&nbsp; Here is a link to an articl=
e that <br clear=3D"none">
mentions the butt use at the end of the piece.<br clear=3D"none">
<br clear=3D"none">
<a target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nofollow" href=3D"https://www.nationalgeographi=
c.com/environment/2019/06/wild-bees-building-homes-from-plastic/" shape=3D"=
rect">https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/06/wild-bees-buil=
ding-homes-from-plastic/</a><br clear=3D"none">
<br clear=3D"none">
Ken MacAulay<br clear=3D"none">
Port Mouton, NS <br clear=3D"none">
<br clear=3D"none">
</blockquote>
</div>
<br clear=3D"all">
<br clear=3D"none">
-- <br clear=3D"none">
<div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv51633738=
70gmail-m_6584699392451629370gmail-m_3658703734265637831gmail_signature">
<div dir=3D"ltr">
<div>
<div dir=3D"ltr">
<div dir=3D"ltr">
<div dir=3D"ltr">
<div dir=3D"ltr">
<div dir=3D"ltr">
<div dir=3D"ltr">
<div>
<div><b style=3D"font-size:x-small;font-family:monospace,monospace">Parker =
Donh</b><b style=3D"font-size:x-small"><font face=3D"monospace,            =
                                             monospace">am</font></b></div>
</div>
<div>
<div><font face=3D"monospace,                                              =
         monospace" color=3D"#333333">&nbsp; &#43;1-902-565-5555</font></di=
v>
<div><font face=3D"monospace,                                              =
         monospace" color=3D"#333333"><span style=3D"font-size:13px">&nbsp;=
&nbsp;<a target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nofollow" href=3D"mailto:parker@donham.ca=
" shape=3D"rect">parker@donham.ca</a></span></font></div>
<div><font face=3D"monospace,                                              =
         monospace" color=3D"#333333"><span style=3D"font-size:13px">&nbsp;=
&nbsp;<a target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nofollow" href=3D"http://contrarian.ca/" =
shape=3D"rect">Contrarian.ca</a></span></font></div>
<div><font face=3D"monospace,                                              =
         monospace" color=3D"#333333">&nbsp;</font></div>
<div><br clear=3D"none">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<br clear=3D"all">
<br clear=3D"none">
-- <br clear=3D"none">
<div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv51633738=
70gmail-m_6584699392451629370gmail_signature">
<div dir=3D"ltr">
<div>
<div dir=3D"ltr">
<div>
<div dir=3D"ltr">
<div>
<div dir=3D"ltr">
<div>
<div dir=3D"ltr">
<div>
<div>Nancy Robinson<br clear=3D"none">
</div>
</div>
514-605-7186<br clear=3D"none">
<br clear=3D"none">
</div>
<div><br clear=3D"none">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</blockquote>
<br clear=3D"none">
</div>
</blockquote>
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<br clear=3D"none">
-- <br clear=3D"none">
<div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv51633738=
70gmail_signature">
<div dir=3D"ltr">
<div>
<div dir=3D"ltr">
<div>
<div dir=3D"ltr">
<div>
<div dir=3D"ltr">
<div>
<div dir=3D"ltr">
<div>
<div>Nancy Robinson<br clear=3D"none">
</div>
</div>
514-605-7186<br clear=3D"none">
<br clear=3D"none">
</div>
<div><br clear=3D"none">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br clear=3D"none">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<br clear=3D"all">
<br>
-- <br>
<div class=3D"gmail_signature" dir=3D"ltr">
<div dir=3D"ltr">
<div dir=3D"ltr">
<div dir=3D"ltr">
<div dir=3D"ltr">
<div dir=3D"ltr">
<div>Nancy Robinson<br>
</div>
514-605-7186<br>
<br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
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