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=20 --_000_141D4325DD9441D5AB7B697D97ADB864dalca_ Content-Type: text/plain; charset="Windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Looks like a well conducted study as far as it goes, that added leachate fr= om cigarette butts to water at several dilutions, and immersed fish in this= for 96 hours (4 days), with 4 * 5 fish used for each sample point. As Nan= cy summarizes, the LD50 (dose that was found lethal to 50% of the fish afte= r the 4 days) was close to 1 butt per litre for the most lethal butts used = (=91SCB=92 -- smoked, with some residual tobacco remaining unconsumed). On= e saltwater and one freshwater species was used. The study established a clear damaging effect, but was not concerned with t= he actual environmental levels of the thousands of compounds in the leachat= e, so it would not be fair to criticize them for this. It seems probable = that any effects on marine species would likely be negligible, however, in = most places even with butts discarded at the tide-line, because of dilution= and dispersal by wave action and currents into the much larger volume wher= e there would be few or no butts. Presumably this could be checked by anal= yzing indicator chemicals (nicotine?) in particularly butt-polluted near-sh= ore areas, with high-sensitivity methods that do exist. I don=92t smoke an= d am not advocating littering in this or any other case. Dilution-dispersion would be less effective in small bodies of water like p= onds with low rates of renewal, but what level of butt pollution would be s= erious for the freshwater species used? =97 one litre is not a large volume= . For example, a 22-foot long swimming pool advertized by Canadian Tire ca= n contain about 32670 liters. To achieve a 1 butt-extract per litre level = of lethality would require nearly 33,000 butts to be discarded into a small= ish pond that size. The article does not stress it and the graphs are hard to read at low dilut= ions, but even in the most lethal SCB category there appears to be no obser= vable effect (~100% survival) for either fish species at the lowest dilutio= ns tried, of apparently 1/8 of 1/4 butt extract per litre. So you could ti= p at least 8000 SCB butts into such a swimming pool/pond and expect no leth= al effect on these particular fish over 96 hours. This does not mean there= would be no other damaging, sub-lethal or longer-term effects of course. No one in their right mind should advocate discarding butts willy-nilly any= where, but the above does point up the need for studies that look for delet= erious effects at much greater toxin dilutions, not just lethality at the h= uge concentration overloads described above that may never realistically be= encountered in Nature =97 or what=92s left of it. Steve (Hfx) ----------------------------------------------- On Jun 17, 2019, at 12:12 PM, N Robinson <nrobbyn@gmail.com<mailto:nrobbyn@= gmail.com>> wrote: The research was done by a team headed up by Elli Slaughter of San Diego Un= iversity: ellislaughter@hotmail.com<mailto:ellislaughter@hotmail.com> Please note, I was wrong about having to pay for the article. It is all he= re: https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/20/Suppl_1/i25 Here is part of the summary: Methods Using US Environmental Protection Agency standard acute fish bioass= ays, cigarette butt-derived leachate was analysed for aquatic toxicity. Sur= vival was the single endpoint and data were analysed using Comprehensive En= vironmental Toxicity Information System to identify the LC50 of cigarette b= utt leachate to fish. Results The LC50 for leachate from smoked cigarette butts (smoked filter + = tobacco) was approximately one cigarette butt/l for both the marine topsmel= t (Atherinops affinis) and the freshwater fathead minnow (Pimephales promel= as). Leachate from smoked cigarette filters (no tobacco), was less toxic, w= ith LC50 values of 1.8 and 4.3 cigarette butts/l, respectively for both fis= h species. Unsmoked cigarette filters (no tobacco) were also found to be to= xic, with LC50 values of 5.1 and 13.5 cigarette butts/l, respectively, for = both fish species. Conclusion Toxicity of cigarette butt leachate was found to increase from u= nsmoked cigarette filters (no tobacco) to smoked cigarette filters (no toba= cco) to smoked cigarette butts (smoked filter + tobacco). This study repres= ents the first in the literature to investigate and affirm the toxicity of = cigarette butts to fish, and will assist in assessing the potential ecologi= cal risks of cigarette butts to the aquatic environment. Happy reading! I would appreciate your comments on the research. Nancy On Mon, Jun 17, 2019 at 9:13 AM Ulli Hoeger <ullihoeger@yahoo.com<mailto:ul= lihoeger@yahoo.com>> wrote: Well, "New Scientist" is, to say it this way, a bit on the sensationalistic= site and tends to leave -often questionable and disputable- statements mad= e in its articles unsupported, i.e. without providing sources that allow ve= rification . As already mentions the claim that "We have found that one cigarette butt s= oaked in a litre of water for 96 hours leaches out enough toxins to kill ha= lf of the fresh or salt water fish exposed to them." is not backed-up in an= y way to allow verification. Who is "we" and where this study was done (and= published)? Ulli On Monday, June 17, 2019, 8:59:34 a.m. ADT, Don MacNeill <donmacneill@bella= liant.net<mailto:donmacneill@bellaliant.net>> wrote: I think of New Scientist as being a reputable publication but it would cert= ainly be good to have the details of the experiment if people might act on = the results. Don Don MacNeill donmacneill@bellaliant.net<mailto:donmacneill@bellaliant.net> On 6/17/2019 9:13 AM, N Robinson wrote: Here is the link to the article in New Scientist - no mention of any detail= s of the "experiment". https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22229750-200-time-to-kick-cigarette-= butts-theyre-toxic-trash/ Nancy On Mon, Jun 17, 2019 at 6:43 AM Don MacNeill <donmacneill@bellaliant.net<ma= ilto:donmacneill@bellaliant.net>> wrote: Comes from tobacco plants. Warfarin is also dangerous but beneficial in sm= all amounts. It would be interesting to know if the study about fish death= s had high or low concentrations of poisons from the filters in whatever am= ount of water they used. Don Don MacNeill donmacneill@bellaliant.net<mailto:donmacneill@bellaliant.net> On 6/16/2019 10:17 PM, Mary Macaulay wrote: Cough High grade poisonous fertilizer With kindest regards Mary (Macaulay), P.Eng. CEO Insect Recovery Project Social Enterprise - Tatamagouche Remember Adventures & Caper Cafe Bed & Breakfast, Pedal Buggy, bike, kayak, coaster & snowshoe rentals, grea= t bird friendly coffee, organic baking, breakfast & pasta, soups, stews, ve= gan curries & chili, pollinator meadow, games & more!! (Cafe/Buggies Open Wed to Sunday: 8:00 am - 3 pm; Tatamagouche B&B phone me= directly , Angevine Lake Chalet - book via Airbnb) RememberAdventures.ca<http://rememberadventures.ca/> & InsectRecovery.org<h= ttp://insectrecovery.org/> 1-902-293-1533 Twitter @RememberTata & @InsectRecovery On Jun 16, 2019, at 9:01 PM, N Robinson <nrobbyn@gmail.com<mailto:nrobbyn@g= mail.com>> wrote: A Nova Scotia student has done something useful with the 37.4 pounds of cig= arette butts he collected over three months on his campus, besides showing = off what a horrible mess it was. He sent them off to an Ontario company wh= ere they make fertilizer out of them: "Even though his class project has been completed, Johannesen said he plans= to keep picking up cigarette butts so he can send them to a recycling comp= any in Toronto where the paper, tobacco, and ash will be turned into indust= rial-grade fertilizer, which is most often used on golf courses." The full= story can be found here: https://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/nova-scotia-student-s-cigarette-butts-pile-= growing-every-day-1.4367145 Your comments on that "high-grade fertilizer", please. Nancy On Sun, Jun 16, 2019 at 7:19 PM Mary Macaulay <marymacaulay@hotmail.com<mai= lto:marymacaulay@hotmail.com>> wrote: Please note that birds and other wildlife also directly ingest these highly= poisonous butts - another way in which this highly toxic trash contributes= to environmental harm. Hope no one on the list is excusing themselves from= littering in this way thinking they are helping out wildlife ..?? With kindest regards Mary (Macaulay), P.Eng. CEO Insect Recovery Project Social Enterprise - Tatamagouche Remember Adventures & Caper Cafe Bed & Breakfast, Pedal Buggy, bike, kayak, coaster & snowshoe rentals, grea= t bird friendly coffee, organic baking, breakfast & pasta, soups, stews, ve= gan curries & chili, pollinator meadow, games & more!! (Cafe/Buggies Open Wed to Sunday: 8:00 am - 3 pm; Tatamagouche B&B phone me= directly , Angevine Lake Chalet - book via Airbnb) RememberAdventures.ca<http://rememberadventures.ca/> & InsectRecovery.org<h= ttp://insectrecovery.org/> 1-902-293-1533 Twitter @RememberTata & @InsectRecovery On Jun 16, 2019, at 6:27 PM, Parker Donham <parker@donham.ca<mailto:parker@= donham.ca>> wrote: I asked Prof. Google about this, and she directed me to the following. * From Scientific American: Cigarette Butts in Nests Deter Bird Parasi= tes<https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/culturing-science/cigarette-butts-= in-nests-deter-bird-parasites/> * From the Economist: Some birds use discarded cigarettes to fumigate t= heir nests<https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2017/09/30/some= -birds-use-discarded-cigarettes-to-fumigate-their-nests> * From Nature: City birds use cigarette butts to smoke out parasites<ht= tps://www.nature.com/news/city-birds-use-cigarette-butts-to-smoke-out-paras= ites-1.11952> * From the New Scientist: From the New Scientist Birds use cigarette b= utts for chemical warfare against ticks<https://www.newscientist.com/articl= e/2138655-birds-use-cigarette-butts-for-chemical-warfare-against-ticks/> These reports in the popular press all seem based on a single study by by t= hree Mexico City researchers published in Biology Letters. The Royal Societ= y has an abstract (but the full paper is behind the usual unconscionable ac= ademic paywall): * Incorporation of cigarette butts into nests reduces nest ectoparasite= load in urban birds: new ingredients for an old recipe?<https://royalsocie= typublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0931> On Sat, Jun 15, 2019 at 12:17 PM Ken J MacAulay <kenmacaulay@eastlink.ca<ma= ilto:kenmacaulay@eastlink.ca>> wrote: John there was a recent article on-line about wild bees using plastic to line their nests. That article also mentioned birds using cigarette butts in their nests to kill mites etc. Like you, though, I can't remember if it was on a news feed or a FaceBook article. Here is a link to an article tha= t mentions the butt use at the end of the piece. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/06/wild-bees-building-h= omes-from-plastic/ Ken MacAulay Port Mouton, NS -- Parker Donham +1-902-565-5555 parker@donham.ca<mailto:parker@donham.ca> Contrarian.ca<http://contrarian.ca/> -- Nancy Robinson 514-605-7186 -- Nancy Robinson 514-605-7186 -- Nancy Robinson 514-605-7186 --_000_141D4325DD9441D5AB7B697D97ADB864dalca_ Content-Type: text/html; charset="Windows-1252" Content-ID: <9C3DA27BB014B94EBAC0AD0CD7CF2B45@CANPRD01.PROD.OUTLOOK.COM> Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable <html> <head> <meta http-equiv=3D"Content-Type" content=3D"text/html; charset=3DWindows-1= 252"> </head> <body style=3D"word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-lin= e-break: after-white-space;"> Looks like a well conducted study as far as it goes, that added leachate fr= om cigarette butts to water at several dilutions, and immersed fish in this= for 96 hours (4 days), with 4 * 5 fish used for each sample point. A= s Nancy summarizes, the LD50 (dose that was found lethal to 50% of the fish after the 4 days) was close to 1 butt = per litre for the most lethal butts used (=91SCB=92 -- smoked, with some re= sidual tobacco remaining unconsumed). One saltwater and one freshwate= r species was used. <div><br> </div> <div>The study established a clear damaging effect, but was not concerned w= ith the actual environmental levels of the thousands of compounds in the le= achate, so it would not be fair to criticize them for this. It seems= probable that any effects on marine species would likely be negligible, however, in most places even with butt= s discarded at the tide-line, because of dilution and dispersal by wave act= ion and currents into the much larger volume where there would be few or no= butts. Presumably this could be checked by analyzing indicator chemicals (nicotine?) in particularly butt-= polluted near-shore areas, with high-sensitivity methods that do exist. &nb= sp;I don=92t smoke and am not advocating littering in this or any other cas= e.</div> <div><br> </div> <div>Dilution-dispersion would be less effective in small bodies of water l= ike ponds with low rates of renewal, but what level of butt pollution would= be serious for the freshwater species used? =97 one litre is not a large v= olume. For example, a 22-foot long swimming pool advertized by Canadian Tire can contain about 32670 liters. = To achieve a 1 butt-extract per litre level of lethality would requir= e nearly 33,000 butts to be discarded into a smallish pond that size.  = ;</div> <div><br> </div> <div>The article does not stress it and the graphs are hard to read at low = dilutions, but even in the most lethal SCB category there appears to be no = observable effect (~100% survival) for either fish species at the lowest di= lutions tried, of apparently 1/8 of 1/4 butt extract per litre. So you could tip at least 8000 SCB bu= tts into such a swimming pool/pond and expect no lethal effect on these par= ticular fish over 96 hours. This does not mean there would be no othe= r damaging, sub-lethal or longer-term effects of course. </div> <div><br> </div> <div>No one in their right mind should advocate discarding butts willy-nill= y anywhere, but the above does point up the need for studies that look for = deleterious effects at much greater toxin dilutions, not just lethality at = the huge concentration overloads described above that may never realistically be encountered in Nature =97 = or what=92s left of it.</div> <div><br> </div> <div>Steve (Hfx) </div> <div>-----------------------------------------------<br> <div> <div>On Jun 17, 2019, at 12:12 PM, N Robinson <<a href=3D"mailto:nrobbyn= @gmail.com">nrobbyn@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</div> <br class=3D"Apple-interchange-newline"> <blockquote type=3D"cite"> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <div>The research was done by a team headed up by Elli Slaughter of San Die= go University: ellislaughter@hotmail.com<= br> <br> </div> <div>Please note, I was wrong about having to pay for the article. It= is all here: <a href=3D"https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/20/Suppl_1/i25">https://t= obaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/20/Suppl_1/i25</a><br> </div> <br> Here is part of the summary:<br> <div class=3D"gmail-subsection" id=3D"gmail-sec-2"> <p id=3D"gmail-p-3"><strong>Methods</strong> Using US Environmental Protect= ion Agency standard acute fish bioassays, cigarette butt-derived leachate w= as analysed for aquatic toxicity. Survival was the single endpoint and data= were analysed using Comprehensive Environmental Toxicity Information System to identify the LC50 of cigarett= e butt leachate to fish.</p> </div> <div class=3D"gmail-subsection" id=3D"gmail-sec-3"> <p id=3D"gmail-p-4"><strong>Results</strong> The LC50 for leachate from smo= ked cigarette butts (smoked filter + tobacco) was approximately one cig= arette butt/l for both the marine topsmelt (<em>Atherinops affinis</em>) an= d the freshwater fathead minnow (<em>Pimephales promelas</em>). Leachate from smoked cigarette filters (no tobacco), was l= ess toxic, with LC50 values of 1.8 and 4.3 cigarette butts/l, respectively = for both fish species. Unsmoked cigarette filters (no tobacco) were also fo= und to be toxic, with LC50 values of 5.1 and 13.5 cigarette butts/l, respectively, for both fish species.</p= > </div> <div class=3D"gmail-subsection" id=3D"gmail-sec-4"> <p id=3D"gmail-p-5"><strong>Conclusion</strong> Toxicity of cigarette butt = leachate was found to increase from unsmoked cigarette filters (no tobacco)= to smoked cigarette filters (no tobacco) to smoked cigarette butts (smoked= filter + tobacco). This study represents the first in the literature to investigate and affirm the toxicity of ciga= rette butts to fish, and will assist in assessing the potential ecological = risks of cigarette butts to the aquatic environment.</p> </div> Happy reading! I would appreciate your comments on the research.<br> <br> Nancy<br> </div> </div> </div> </div> <br> <div class=3D"gmail_quote"> <div class=3D"gmail_attr" dir=3D"ltr">On Mon, Jun 17, 2019 at 9:13 AM Ulli = Hoeger <ullihoeger@yahoo.com= > wrote:<br> </div> <blockquote style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204= ,204,204);padding-left:1ex" class=3D"gmail_quote"> <div style=3D"font-family:Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-si= ze:13px" class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydp2f67b3f2yahoo-style-wrap"> <div></div> <div>Well, "New Scientist" is, to say it this way, a bit on the s= ensationalistic site and tends to leave -often questionable and disputable-= statements made in its articles unsupported, i.e. without providing source= s that allow verification .</div> <div>As already mentions the claim that "<span>We have found that one = cigarette butt soaked in a litre of water for 96 hours leaches out enough t= oxins to kill half of the fresh or salt water fish exposed to them." i= s not backed-up in any way to allow verification. Who is "we" and where this study was done (and published)? = </span></div> <div><br> </div> <div>Ulli<br> </div> <div><br> </div> </div> <div class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayahoo_quoted" id=3D"gma= il-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayahoo_quoted_1466365548"> <div style=3D"font-family:"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-s= erif;font-size:13px;color:rgb(38,40,42)"> <div>On Monday, June 17, 2019, 8:59:34 a.m. ADT, Don MacNeill <<a target= =3D"_blank" href=3D"mailto:donmacneill@bellaliant.net">donmacneill@bellalia= nt.net</a>> wrote: </div> <div><br> </div> <div><br> </div> <div> <div id=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870"> <div><font face=3D"Calibri">I think of New Scientist as being a reputable p= ublication but it would certainly be good to have the details of the experi= ment if people might act on the results.<br clear=3D"none"> <br clear=3D"none"> Don<br clear=3D"none"> <br clear=3D"none"> </font> <div class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870moz-signat= ure">Don MacNeill <a target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nofollow" href=3D"mailto:donmacneill@bellaliant= .net" class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870moz-txt-l= ink-abbreviated" shape=3D"rect"> donmacneill@bellaliant.net</a></div> <div id=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870yqt84989" cla= ss=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870yqt5718917860"> <div class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870moz-cite-p= refix">On 6/17/2019 9:13 AM, N Robinson wrote:<br clear=3D"none"> </div> <blockquote type=3D"cite"></blockquote> </div> </div> <div id=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870yqt64684" cla= ss=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870yqt5718917860"> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <div dir=3D"ltr">Here is the link to the article in <i>New Scientist</i> - = no mention of any details of the "experiment".<br clear=3D"none"> <br clear=3D"none"> <a target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nofollow" href=3D"https://www.newscientist.com/= article/mg22229750-200-time-to-kick-cigarette-butts-theyre-toxic-trash/" sh= ape=3D"rect">https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22229750-200-time-to-ki= ck-cigarette-butts-theyre-toxic-trash/</a><br clear=3D"none"> <br clear=3D"none"> </div> <div>Nancy<br clear=3D"none"> </div> </div> <br clear=3D"none"> <div class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870gmail_quot= e"> <div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv51633738= 70gmail_attr"> On Mon, Jun 17, 2019 at 6:43 AM Don MacNeill <<a target=3D"_blank" rel= =3D"nofollow" href=3D"mailto:donmacneill@bellaliant.net" shape=3D"rect">don= macneill@bellaliant.net</a>> wrote:<br clear=3D"none"> </div> <blockquote style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204= ,204,204);padding-left:1ex" class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618a= yiv5163373870gmail_quote"> <div><font face=3D"Calibri">Comes from tobacco plants. Warfarin is al= so dangerous but beneficial in small amounts. It would be interesting= to know if the study about fish deaths had high or low concentrations of p= oisons from the filters in whatever amount of water they used.<br clear=3D"none"> <br clear=3D"none"> Don<br clear=3D"none"> <br clear=3D"none"> </font> <div class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870gmail-m_65= 84699392451629370moz-signature"> Don MacNeill <a target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nofollow" href=3D"mailto:donmacnei= ll@bellaliant.net" class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv516337= 3870gmail-m_6584699392451629370moz-txt-link-abbreviated" shape=3D"rect"> donmacneill@bellaliant.net</a></div> <div class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870gmail-m_65= 84699392451629370moz-cite-prefix"> On 6/16/2019 10:17 PM, Mary Macaulay wrote:<br clear=3D"none"> </div> <blockquote type=3D"cite">Cough <div>High grade poisonous fertilizer<br clear=3D"none"> <br clear=3D"none"> <div id=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870gmail-m_65846= 99392451629370AppleMailSignature" dir=3D"ltr"> <div><span>With kindest regards</span></div> <div><span><br clear=3D"none"> </span></div> <div> <div> <div><span>Mary (Macaulay), P.Eng.</span></div> <div><span>CEO Insect Recovery Project</span></div> <div> <div><span>Social Enterprise - Tatamagouche Remember Adventures & Caper= Cafe</span></div> <div><span>Bed & Breakfast, Pedal Buggy, bike, kayak, coaster & sno= wshoe rentals, great bird friendly coffee, organic baking, breakfast & = pasta, soups, stews, vegan curries & chili, pollinator meadow, games &a= mp; more!! </span></div> <div><span>(Cafe/Buggies Open Wed to Sunday: 8:00 am - 3 pm; Tatamagouche B= &B phone me directly , Angevine Lake Chalet - book via Airbnb)</span></= div> </div> </div> <div> <div><span><a target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nofollow" href=3D"http://rememberadv= entures.ca/" shape=3D"rect">RememberAdventures.ca</a> & <a target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nofollow" href=3D"http://insectrecovery.org/" s= hape=3D"rect"> InsectRecovery.org</a></span></div> <div><span>1-902-293-1533</span></div> </div> </div> <div><span>Twitter @RememberTata & @InsectRecovery</span></div> </div> <div dir=3D"ltr"><br clear=3D"none"> On Jun 16, 2019, at 9:01 PM, N Robinson <<a target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nof= ollow" href=3D"mailto:nrobbyn@gmail.com" shape=3D"rect">nrobbyn@gmail.com</= a>> wrote:<br clear=3D"none"> <br clear=3D"none"> </div> <blockquote type=3D"cite"> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <br clear=3D"none"> A Nova Scotia student has done something useful with the 37.4 pounds of cig= arette butts he collected over three months on his campus, besides showing = off what a horrible mess it was. He sent them off to an Ontario compa= ny where they make fertilizer out of them:<br clear=3D"none"> <br clear=3D"none"> "Even though his class project has been completed, Johannesen said he = plans to keep picking up cigarette butts so he can send them to a recycling= company in Toronto where the paper, tobacco, and ash will be turned into i= ndustrial-grade fertilizer, which is most often used on golf courses." The full story can be found h= ere: <br clear=3D"none"> <br clear=3D"none"> <a target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nofollow" href=3D"https://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-te= ch/nova-scotia-student-s-cigarette-butts-pile-growing-every-day-1.4367145" = shape=3D"rect">https://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/nova-scotia-student-s-cigare= tte-butts-pile-growing-every-day-1.4367145</a><br clear=3D"none"> <br clear=3D"none"> </div> <div>Your comments on that "high-grade fertilizer", please. = <br clear=3D"none"> <br clear=3D"none"> Nancy<br clear=3D"none"> </div> </div> </div> <br clear=3D"none"> <div class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870gmail_quot= e"> <div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv51633738= 70gmail_attr"> On Sun, Jun 16, 2019 at 7:19 PM Mary Macaulay <<a target=3D"_blank" rel= =3D"nofollow" href=3D"mailto:marymacaulay@hotmail.com" shape=3D"rect">marym= acaulay@hotmail.com</a>> wrote:<br clear=3D"none"> </div> <blockquote style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204= ,204,204);padding-left:1ex" class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618a= yiv5163373870gmail_quote"> <div>Please note that birds and other wildlife also directly ingest these h= ighly poisonous butts - another way in which this highly toxic trash contri= butes to environmental harm. Hope no one on the list is excusing themselves= from littering in this way thinking they are helping out wildlife ..??<br clear=3D"none"> <br clear=3D"none"> <div id=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870gmail-m_65846= 99392451629370gmail-m_3658703734265637831AppleMailSignature" dir=3D"ltr"> <div><span>With kindest regards</span></div> <div><span><br clear=3D"none"> </span></div> <div> <div> <div><span>Mary (Macaulay), P.Eng.</span></div> <div><span>CEO Insect Recovery Project</span></div> <div> <div><span>Social Enterprise - Tatamagouche Remember Adventures & Caper= Cafe</span></div> <div><span>Bed & Breakfast, Pedal Buggy, bike, kayak, coaster & sno= wshoe rentals, great bird friendly coffee, organic baking, breakfast & = pasta, soups, stews, vegan curries & chili, pollinator meadow, games &a= mp; more!! </span></div> <div><span>(Cafe/Buggies Open Wed to Sunday: 8:00 am - 3 pm; Tatamagouche B= &B phone me directly , Angevine Lake Chalet - book via Airbnb)</span></= div> </div> </div> <div> <div><span><a target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nofollow" href=3D"http://rememberadv= entures.ca/" shape=3D"rect">RememberAdventures.ca</a> & <a target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nofollow" href=3D"http://insectrecovery.org/" s= hape=3D"rect"> InsectRecovery.org</a></span></div> <div><span>1-902-293-1533</span></div> </div> </div> <div><span>Twitter @RememberTata & @InsectRecovery</span></div> </div> <div dir=3D"ltr"><br clear=3D"none"> On Jun 16, 2019, at 6:27 PM, Parker Donham <<a target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"= nofollow" href=3D"mailto:parker@donham.ca" shape=3D"rect">parker@donham.ca<= /a>> wrote:<br clear=3D"none"> <br clear=3D"none"> </div> <blockquote type=3D"cite"> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <div style=3D"font-size:small" class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f96= 18ayiv5163373870gmail_default"> I asked Prof. Google about this, and she directed me to the following.</div= > <div class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870gmail_defa= ult"> <ul> <li>From Scientific American:<b><a target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nofollow" href= =3D"https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/culturing-science/cigarette-butts-= in-nests-deter-bird-parasites/" shape=3D"rect"> Cigarette Butts in Ne= sts Deter Bird Parasites</a></b></li><li>From the Economist:<a target=3D"_b= lank" rel=3D"nofollow" href=3D"https://www.economist.com/science-and-techno= logy/2017/09/30/some-birds-use-discarded-cigarettes-to-fumigate-their-nests= " shape=3D"rect"><font size=3D"2"><span class=3D"gmail-m_369554196506095600= 3ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870gmail-m_6584699392451629370gmail-m_365870373426563= 7831gmail-flytitle-and-title__title"> <b>Some birds use discarded cigarettes to fumigate their nests</b></span></= font></a></li><li>From Nature: <b><a target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nofollow" hre= f=3D"https://www.nature.com/news/city-birds-use-cigarette-butts-to-smoke-ou= t-parasites-1.11952" shape=3D"rect">City birds use cigarette butts to smoke= out parasites</a></b></li><li>From the New Scientist: <b><a target= =3D"_blank" rel=3D"nofollow" href=3D"https://www.newscientist.com/article/2= 138655-birds-use-cigarette-butts-for-chemical-warfare-against-ticks/" shape= =3D"rect"><font size=3D"2">From the New Scientist Birds use cigarette butts for chemical warfare against ticks</font></a></b></li></ul> These reports in the popular press all seem based on a single study by by t= hree Mexico City researchers published in Biology Letters. The Royal Societ= y has an abstract (but the full paper is behind the usual unconscionable ac= ademic paywall): <br clear=3D"none"> <ul> <li><a target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nofollow" href=3D"https://royalsocietypubli= shing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0931" shape=3D"rect"><b>Incorporation = of cigarette butts into nests reduces nest ectoparasite load in urban birds= : new ingredients for an old recipe?</b></a></li></ul> <div><b><br clear=3D"none"> </b></div> <div><br clear=3D"none"> </div> </div> </div> <br clear=3D"none"> <div class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv5163373870gmail_quot= e"> <div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv51633738= 70gmail_attr"> On Sat, Jun 15, 2019 at 12:17 PM Ken J MacAulay <<a target=3D"_blank" re= l=3D"nofollow" href=3D"mailto:kenmacaulay@eastlink.ca" shape=3D"rect">kenma= caulay@eastlink.ca</a>> wrote:<br clear=3D"none"> </div> <blockquote style=3D"margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204= ,204,204);padding-left:1ex" class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618a= yiv5163373870gmail_quote"> John there was a recent article on-line about wild bees using plastic to <b= r clear=3D"none"> line their nests. That article also mentioned birds using cigar= ette butts <br clear=3D"none"> in their nests to kill mites etc. Like you, though, I can't remember = if it <br clear=3D"none"> was on a news feed or a FaceBook article. Here is a link to an articl= e that <br clear=3D"none"> mentions the butt use at the end of the piece.<br clear=3D"none"> <br clear=3D"none"> <a target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nofollow" href=3D"https://www.nationalgeographi= c.com/environment/2019/06/wild-bees-building-homes-from-plastic/" shape=3D"= rect">https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/06/wild-bees-buil= ding-homes-from-plastic/</a><br clear=3D"none"> <br clear=3D"none"> Ken MacAulay<br clear=3D"none"> Port Mouton, NS <br clear=3D"none"> <br clear=3D"none"> </blockquote> </div> <br clear=3D"all"> <br clear=3D"none"> -- <br clear=3D"none"> <div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv51633738= 70gmail-m_6584699392451629370gmail-m_3658703734265637831gmail_signature"> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <div> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <div> <div><b style=3D"font-size:x-small;font-family:monospace,monospace">Parker = Donh</b><b style=3D"font-size:x-small"><font face=3D"monospace, = monospace">am</font></b></div> </div> <div> <div><font face=3D"monospace, = monospace" color=3D"#333333"> +1-902-565-5555</font></di= v> <div><font face=3D"monospace, = monospace" color=3D"#333333"><span style=3D"font-size:13px"> = <a target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nofollow" href=3D"mailto:parker@donham.ca= " shape=3D"rect">parker@donham.ca</a></span></font></div> <div><font face=3D"monospace, = monospace" color=3D"#333333"><span style=3D"font-size:13px"> = <a target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"nofollow" href=3D"http://contrarian.ca/" = shape=3D"rect">Contrarian.ca</a></span></font></div> <div><font face=3D"monospace, = monospace" color=3D"#333333"> </font></div> <div><br clear=3D"none"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </blockquote> </div> </blockquote> </div> <br clear=3D"all"> <br clear=3D"none"> -- <br clear=3D"none"> <div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv51633738= 70gmail-m_6584699392451629370gmail_signature"> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <div> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <div> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <div> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <div> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <div> <div>Nancy Robinson<br clear=3D"none"> </div> </div> 514-605-7186<br clear=3D"none"> <br clear=3D"none"> </div> <div><br clear=3D"none"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </blockquote> </div> </blockquote> <br clear=3D"none"> </div> </blockquote> </div> <br clear=3D"all"> <br clear=3D"none"> -- <br clear=3D"none"> <div dir=3D"ltr" class=3D"gmail-m_3695541965060956003ydpd1f9618ayiv51633738= 70gmail_signature"> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <div> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <div> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <div> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <div> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <div> <div>Nancy Robinson<br clear=3D"none"> </div> </div> 514-605-7186<br clear=3D"none"> <br clear=3D"none"> </div> <div><br clear=3D"none"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <br clear=3D"none"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </blockquote> </div> <br clear=3D"all"> <br> -- <br> <div class=3D"gmail_signature" dir=3D"ltr"> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <div dir=3D"ltr"> <div>Nancy Robinson<br> </div> 514-605-7186<br> <br> </div> <div><br> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </blockquote> </div> <br> </div> </body> </html> --_000_141D4325DD9441D5AB7B697D97ADB864dalca_--
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