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Index of Subjects
, and Kinglets for 7%. Straggl
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Hi Steve,
I agree that there must be some benefit. Group cohesion is most likely one
of them. The literature proposes that flight calls may serve one or more of
the following:
-group cohesion and social affiliation
-population, sex, and individual differentiation
-stimulation of migration restlessness
-aid to navigation and orientation
-communication of information
While birds may not be able to distinguish age from a single flight call,
there is evidence that young birds call more often.
Thanks again for your comments,
John
From: naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca [mailto:naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca]
On Behalf Of Stephen Shaw
Sent: October-30-16 14:52
To: naturens@chebucto.ns.ca
Subject: Re: [NatureNS] Nocturnal migration for the 3rd Week of October
Hi John,
Thanks for the interesting and informed response - of course, some are
simply diurnal migrants, why didn't I think of that? No corresponding
predator threat for nocturnal migrants because no way to locate prey (no
echolocation), rather like the state in WWI (no night-fighter plane action
because no radar yet, compared to WWII when radar detection of 'prey'
available and effective night fighters developed).
I was thinking that the night calls must be used to promote cohesion with a
migrating group, perhaps helping the poorer navigators (first year
migrants?) stick with the more experienced birds and not drift off course.
The redstart work recognizing sex but not age seems not to support this.
Perhaps it's a bit like the seemingly complex daytime visual coordination in
the large flocks of peeps and starlings, but which apparently now can be
mostly explained if an individual pays attention just to its immediate
neighbours and has fast coordination responses. Some earlier German work
found that male fly 1 chasing male fly 2 could commence executing a
following turn response within about 12 milliseconds of fly 2 initiating an
evasive turn, but birds being much bigger probably are not that fast - much
longer nerve conduction pathways.
There must be some cost to flight calling, so one would expect some
associated benefit. An extreme case is that of a diurnal Australian cicada
that has to sing very loudly to reach females isolated in other local
vegetation 'islands' several kilometers away, and has to devote around 50%
of its metabolism to support this, as well as exposing itself to predation.
Steve
On Oct 25, 2016, at 8:16 AM, John Kearney <john.kearney@ns.sympatico.ca
<mailto:john.kearney@ns.sympatico.ca> > wrote:
Hi Steve and all,
American Goldfinches are diurnal migrants. Since my equipment records
between civil sunset and civil sunrise, their migration would not be
captured in my data. As an experiment this year, I left a couple of my
recorders running for an additional 3 hours after the beginning of civil
sunrise. I haven't analyzed those recordings yet but it should give me
information about diurnal movements. Finch movements often begin in earnest
during the last two weeks of October. In the American Goldfinch, the extent
of their migration appears to vary from year to year.
For nocturnal migration, there are species that have no known flight calls.
This is the case for vireos, and while flycatchers may have some flight
calls, they are seldom heard. Other nocturnal migrants tend to call more
often than others. For example, White-throated Sparrows seem to call often
while Dark-eyed Juncos infrequently. Most warbler species seem to call often
(but Yellow-breasted Chat has no known flight call).
Recently studies in the field of aeroecology have begun to explore some of
the complexity of bird distribution, behaviour, and interactions when in
flight. Acoustic monitoring is currently limited to capturing sounds within
300 meters of the ground. Radar can sample much higher. Depending on the
angle of the radar, it could be sampling quite a different group of migrants
from the acoustic sample. Since radar enables us to determine the speed of
the echoes, it is possible at least to distinguish between certain groups of
migrating birds, such as shorebirds or warblers and then compare this to the
acoustic data. It would be very instructive to do more combined
radar/acoustic studies that address some of the questions you are raising.
We also are just beginning to understand the complexity of vocal
interactions among birds in flight. One study published this year on
American Redstarts showed that these birds may be able to distinguish the
calls of birds of different sexes but not different ages. The most
surprising finding was that there was statistical evidence for uniqueness in
the calls of individual birds. In other words, American Redstarts might be
able to identify an individual by his/her nocturnal flight call. With this
kind of individual variation as a possibility, it is no wonder that the
identification of night flight calls is such a challenge.
Thanks for your thought provoking questions,
John
From: <mailto:naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca> naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca
[ <mailto:naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca>
mailto:naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca]On Behalf Of Stephen Shaw
Sent: October-25-16 00:57
To: <mailto:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca> naturens@chebucto.ns.ca
Subject: Re: [NatureNS] Nocturnal migration for the 3rd Week of October
Hi John,
I've seen a couple of groups of ~20-30 Am Goldfinches passing through our
yard in Halifax recently, feeding high in the trees plus visiting feeders,
twittering away, then moving on after a half hour or less. I had assumed
that these were migrating groups en route, but this species never seems to
figure in your flight call lists.
Does this mean that they really are in the business of migrating now but do
so silently so you miss recording them? Alternatively does it mean that
they are just wandering around locally for food in groups, but are not
'intending' to migrate at all?
Generally, are there a lot of species that migrate silently that you would
obviously miss recording? Perhaps the ratio of flight calls to radar images
at the same site would be instructive, if possible to make these and if they
can be quantified usefully (for instance, do the radar images cover more
spatial volume than the acoustic recordings reach, and if so could you
compensate for the difference)?
Presumably the flight calls are thought of as a coordination process to
promote keeping that species group bunched together to collectively improve
navigation, or are there some other benefits?- calling while migrating must
have an additional otherwise unwanted metabolic cost.
Steve
On Oct 24, 2016, at 2:12 PM, John Kearney <
<mailto:john.kearney@ns.sympatico.ca> john.kearney@ns.sympatico.ca> wrote:
Hi All,
Nocturnal migration was down to 88 flight calls at Carleton, Yarmouth
County, this week. The estimated minimum number of individual migrants was
78. The most common species was White-throated Sparrow (23 calls) and
Yellow-rumped Warbler (11). Sparrows accounted for 63% of all calls,
warblers for 25%, and Kinglets for 7%. Straggling warblers included a
Black-throated Green Warbler and a Black-throated Blue Warbler.
The weather radar in Caribou, Maine, indicated a similar low volume of
migratory activity based on the density of echoes in clear-air mode.
A summary table is given below and tables and charts can be seen
<http://www.johnfkearney.com/Carleton_YarmouthCounty_2016.html> here.
Estimated
Call
Minimum
Species
Count
Individuals*
White-throated Sparrow
23
14
Unidentified Sparrow
11
11
Yellow-rumped Warbler
11
11
Savannah Sparrow
9
8
Song Sparrow
7
11
Golden-crowned Kinglet
6
3
Unidentified Songbird
5
5
Palm Warbler
5
5
Blackpoll Warbler
3
3
Lincoln's/Swamp Sparrow
3
3
Dark-eyed Junco
2
1
Black-throated Blue Warbler
1
1
Black-throated Green Warbler
1
1
Unidentified Warbler
1
1
Total
88
78
* Calls that are more than one minute apart plus calls that are less than
one minute apart divided by three and rounded up to nearest whole number
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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=3DEN-CA link=3Dblue =
vlink=3Dpurple><div class=3DWordSection1><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-la=
nguage:EN-US'>Hi Steve,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-la=
nguage:EN-US'>I agree that there must be some benefit. Group cohesion is =
most likely one of them. The literature proposes that flight calls may =
serve one or more of the following:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-la=
nguage:EN-US'>-group cohesion and social =
affiliation<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-la=
nguage:EN-US'>-population, sex, and individual =
differentiation<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-la=
nguage:EN-US'>-stimulation of migration =
restlessness<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-la=
nguage:EN-US'>-aid to navigation and orientation<o:p></o:p></span></p><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-la=
nguage:EN-US'>-communication of information<o:p></o:p></span></p><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-la=
nguage:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-la=
nguage:EN-US'>While birds may not be able to distinguish age from a =
single flight call, there is evidence that young birds call more =
often.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-la=
nguage:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-la=
nguage:EN-US'>Thanks again for your comments,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-la=
nguage:EN-US'>John<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-la=
nguage:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div =
style=3D'border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm =
0cm 0cm'><p class=3DMsoNormal><b><span lang=3DEN-US =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span><=
/b><span lang=3DEN-US =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> =
naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca [mailto:naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca] =
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Stephen Shaw<br><b>Sent:</b> October-30-16 =
14:52<br><b>To:</b> naturens@chebucto.ns.ca<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: =
[NatureNS] Nocturnal migration for the 3rd Week of =
October<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=3DMsoNormal>Hi John, =
<o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=3DMsoNormal>Thanks for the interesting and =
informed response — of course, some are simply diurnal migrants, =
why didn’t I think of that? No corresponding predator threat =
for nocturnal migrants because no way to locate prey (no echolocation), =
rather like the state in WWI (no night-fighter plane action because no =
radar yet, compared to WWII when radar detection of ‘prey’ =
available and effective night fighters =
developed).<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=3DMsoNormal>I =
was thinking that the night calls must be used to promote cohesion with =
a migrating group, perhaps helping the poorer navigators (first year =
migrants?) stick with the more experienced birds and not drift off =
course. The redstart work recognizing sex but not age seems not to =
support this. Perhaps it’s a bit like the seemingly complex =
daytime visual coordination in the large flocks of peeps and starlings, =
but which apparently now can be mostly explained if an individual pays =
attention just to its immediate neighbours and has fast coordination =
responses. Some earlier German work found that male fly 1 chasing =
male fly 2 could commence executing a following turn response within =
about 12 milliseconds of fly 2 initiating an evasive turn, but birds =
being much bigger probably are not that fast — much longer nerve =
conduction pathways. <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p =
class=3DMsoNormal>There must be some cost to flight calling, so one =
would expect some associated benefit. An extreme case is that of a =
diurnal Australian cicada that has to sing very loudly to reach females =
isolated in other local vegetation ‘islands’ several =
kilometers away, and has to devote around 50% of its metabolism to =
support this, as well as exposing itself to =
predation. <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=3DMsoNormal>Steve =
<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div><p class=3DMsoNormal>On =
Oct 25, 2016, at 8:16 AM, John Kearney <<a =
href=3D"mailto:john.kearney@ns.sympatico.ca">john.kearney@ns.sympatico.ca=
</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p></div><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><br><br><o:p></o:p></p><blockquote =
style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><div><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Hi Steve and =
all,</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>American =
Goldfinches are diurnal migrants. Since my equipment records between =
civil sunset and civil sunrise, their migration would not be captured in =
my data. As an experiment this year, I left a couple of my recorders =
running for an additional 3 hours after the beginning of civil sunrise. =
I haven’t analyzed those recordings yet but it should give me =
information about diurnal movements. Finch movements often begin in =
earnest during the last two weeks of October. In the American Goldfinch, =
the extent of their migration appears to vary from year to =
year.</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> </span>=
<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>For =
nocturnal migration, there are species that have no known flight calls. =
This is the case for vireos, and while flycatchers may have some flight =
calls, they are seldom heard. Other nocturnal migrants tend to call more =
often than others. For example, White-throated Sparrows seem to call =
often while Dark-eyed Juncos infrequently. Most warbler species seem to =
call often (but Yellow-breasted Chat has no known flight =
call).</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> </span>=
<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Recently =
studies in the field of aeroecology have begun to explore some of the =
complexity of bird distribution, behaviour, and interactions when in =
flight. Acoustic monitoring is currently limited to capturing sounds =
within 300 meters of the ground. Radar can sample much higher. Depending =
on the angle of the radar, it could be sampling quite a different group =
of migrants from the acoustic sample. Since radar enables us to =
determine the speed of the echoes, it is possible at least to =
distinguish between certain groups of migrating birds, such as =
shorebirds or warblers and then compare this to the acoustic data. It =
would be very instructive to do more combined radar/acoustic studies =
that address some of the questions you are =
raising.</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> </span>=
<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>We also are =
just beginning to understand the complexity of vocal interactions among =
birds in flight. One study published this year on American Redstarts =
showed that these birds may be able to distinguish the calls of birds of =
different sexes but not different ages. The most surprising finding was =
that there was statistical evidence for uniqueness in the calls of =
individual birds. In other words, American Redstarts might be able to =
identify an individual by his/her nocturnal flight call. With this kind =
of individual variation as a possibility, it is no wonder that the =
identification of night flight calls is such a =
challenge.</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Thanks for =
your thought provoking questions,</span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>John</span><o=
:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> </span>=
<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> </span>=
<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><div style=3D'border:none;border-top:solid =
#E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><div><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><b><span lang=3DEN-US =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span><=
/b><span class=3Dapple-converted-space><span lang=3DEN-US =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'> </span>=
</span><span lang=3DEN-US =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><a =
href=3D"mailto:naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca"><span =
style=3D'color:purple'>naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca</span></a><span =
class=3Dapple-converted-space> </span>[<a =
href=3D"mailto:naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca"><span =
style=3D'color:purple'>mailto:naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca</span></a>]<b=
>On Behalf Of<span =
class=3Dapple-converted-space> </span></b>Stephen =
Shaw<br><b>Sent:</b><span =
class=3Dapple-converted-space> </span>October-25-16 =
00:57<br><b>To:</b><span class=3Dapple-converted-space> </span><a =
href=3D"mailto:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca"><span =
style=3D'color:purple'>naturens@chebucto.ns.ca</span></a><br><b>Subject:<=
/b><span class=3Dapple-converted-space> </span>Re: [NatureNS] =
Nocturnal migration for the 3rd Week of =
October</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></div></div><div><p =
class=3DMsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p =
class=3DMsoNormal>Hi John,<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><div><p =
class=3DMsoNormal>I’ve seen a couple of groups of ~20-30 Am =
Goldfinches passing through our yard in Halifax recently, feeding high =
in the trees plus visiting feeders, twittering away, then moving on =
after a half hour or less. I had assumed that these were migrating =
groups en route, but this species never seems to figure in your flight =
call lists. <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p =
class=3DMsoNormal>Does this mean that they really are in the business of =
migrating now but do so silently so you miss recording them? =
Alternatively does it mean that they are just wandering around =
locally for food in groups, but are not ‘intending’ to =
migrate at all?<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p =
class=3DMsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p =
class=3DMsoNormal>Generally, are there a lot of species that migrate =
silently that you would obviously miss recording? Perhaps the =
ratio of flight calls to radar images at the same site would be =
instructive, if possible to make these and if they can be quantified =
usefully (for instance, do the radar images cover more spatial volume =
than the acoustic recordings reach, and if so could you compensate for =
the difference)? <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p =
class=3DMsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p =
class=3DMsoNormal>Presumably the flight calls are thought of as a =
coordination process to promote keeping that species group bunched =
together to collectively improve navigation, or are there some other =
benefits?— calling while migrating must have an additional =
otherwise unwanted metabolic cost. =
<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p =
class=3DMsoNormal>Steve <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p =
class=3DMsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><div><div><p =
class=3DMsoNormal>On Oct 24, 2016, at 2:12 PM, John Kearney <<a =
href=3D"mailto:john.kearney@ns.sympatico.ca"><span =
style=3D'color:purple'>john.kearney@ns.sympatico.ca</span></a>> =
wrote:<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><br><br><br><o:p></o:p></p></div><blockquote =
style=3D'margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'margin-bottom:8.0pt'><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>Hi All,</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'margin-bottom:8.0pt'><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>Nocturnal migration was down to 88 flight calls at =
Carleton, Yarmouth County, this week. The estimated minimum number of =
individual migrants was 78. The most common species was White-throated =
Sparrow (23 calls) and Yellow-rumped Warbler (11). Sparrows accounted =
for 63% of all calls, warblers for 25%, and Kinglets for 7%. Straggling =
warblers included a Black-throated Green Warbler and a Black-throated =
Blue Warbler.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'margin-bottom:8.0pt'><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>The weather radar in Caribou, Maine, indicated a similar =
low volume of migratory activity based on the density of echoes in =
clear-air mode.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'margin-bottom:8.0pt'><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>A summary table is given below and tables and charts can =
be seen<span class=3Dapple-converted-space> </span><a =
href=3D"http://www.johnfkearney.com/Carleton_YarmouthCounty_2016.html"><s=
pan style=3D'color:purple'>here</span></a>.</span><o:p></o:p></p><table =
class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D0 cellpadding=3D0 =
width=3D386 style=3D'width:289.85pt;border-collapse:collapse'><tr =
style=3D'height:15.75pt'><td width=3D236 nowrap valign=3Dbottom =
style=3D'width:177.2pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'></td><td width=3D48 nowrap valign=3Dbottom =
style=3D'width:35.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'></td><td width=3D102 nowrap valign=3Dbottom =
style=3D'width:76.85pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><p =
class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter style=3D'text-align:center'><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>Estimated</span><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr =
style=3D'height:15.75pt'><td width=3D236 nowrap valign=3Dbottom =
style=3D'width:177.2pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'></td><td width=3D48 nowrap valign=3Dbottom =
style=3D'width:35.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><p =
class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter style=3D'text-align:center'><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>Call</span><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=3D102 nowrap =
valign=3Dbottom style=3D'width:76.85pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>Minimum</span><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr =
style=3D'height:16.5pt'><td width=3D236 nowrap valign=3Dbottom =
style=3D'width:177.2pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext =
1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.5pt'><div><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>Species</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></td><td width=3D48 =
nowrap valign=3Dbottom =
style=3D'width:35.8pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext =
1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.5pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal =
align=3Dcenter style=3D'text-align:center'><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>Count</span><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=3D102 nowrap =
valign=3Dbottom style=3D'width:76.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid =
windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.5pt'><p =
class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter style=3D'text-align:center'><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>Individuals*</span><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr =
style=3D'height:15.75pt'><td width=3D236 nowrap valign=3Dbottom =
style=3D'width:177.2pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Book Antiqua",serif'>White-throated =
Sparrow</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></td><td width=3D48 nowrap =
valign=3Dbottom style=3D'width:35.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>23</span><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=3D102 nowrap =
valign=3Dbottom style=3D'width:76.85pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>14</span><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr =
style=3D'height:15.75pt'><td width=3D236 nowrap valign=3Dbottom =
style=3D'width:177.2pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Book Antiqua",serif'>Unidentified =
Sparrow</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></td><td width=3D48 nowrap =
valign=3Dbottom style=3D'width:35.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>11</span><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=3D102 nowrap =
valign=3Dbottom style=3D'width:76.85pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>11</span><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr =
style=3D'height:15.75pt'><td width=3D236 nowrap valign=3Dbottom =
style=3D'width:177.2pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Book Antiqua",serif'>Yellow-rumped =
Warbler</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></td><td width=3D48 nowrap =
valign=3Dbottom style=3D'width:35.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>11</span><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=3D102 nowrap =
valign=3Dbottom style=3D'width:76.85pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>11</span><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr =
style=3D'height:15.75pt'><td width=3D236 nowrap valign=3Dbottom =
style=3D'width:177.2pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Book Antiqua",serif'>Savannah =
Sparrow</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></td><td width=3D48 nowrap =
valign=3Dbottom style=3D'width:35.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>9</span><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=3D102 nowrap =
valign=3Dbottom style=3D'width:76.85pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>8</span><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr =
style=3D'height:15.75pt'><td width=3D236 nowrap valign=3Dbottom =
style=3D'width:177.2pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Book Antiqua",serif'>Song =
Sparrow</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></td><td width=3D48 nowrap =
valign=3Dbottom style=3D'width:35.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>7</span><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=3D102 nowrap =
valign=3Dbottom style=3D'width:76.85pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>11</span><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr =
style=3D'height:15.75pt'><td width=3D236 nowrap valign=3Dbottom =
style=3D'width:177.2pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Book Antiqua",serif'>Golden-crowned =
Kinglet</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></td><td width=3D48 nowrap =
valign=3Dbottom style=3D'width:35.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>6</span><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=3D102 nowrap =
valign=3Dbottom style=3D'width:76.85pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>3</span><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr =
style=3D'height:15.75pt'><td width=3D236 nowrap valign=3Dbottom =
style=3D'width:177.2pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Book Antiqua",serif'>Unidentified =
Songbird</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></td><td width=3D48 nowrap =
valign=3Dbottom style=3D'width:35.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>5</span><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=3D102 nowrap =
valign=3Dbottom style=3D'width:76.85pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>5</span><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr =
style=3D'height:15.75pt'><td width=3D236 nowrap valign=3Dbottom =
style=3D'width:177.2pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Book Antiqua",serif'>Palm =
Warbler</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></td><td width=3D48 nowrap =
valign=3Dbottom style=3D'width:35.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>5</span><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=3D102 nowrap =
valign=3Dbottom style=3D'width:76.85pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>5</span><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr =
style=3D'height:15.75pt'><td width=3D236 nowrap valign=3Dbottom =
style=3D'width:177.2pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Book Antiqua",serif'>Blackpoll =
Warbler</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></td><td width=3D48 nowrap =
valign=3Dbottom style=3D'width:35.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>3</span><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=3D102 nowrap =
valign=3Dbottom style=3D'width:76.85pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>3</span><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr =
style=3D'height:15.75pt'><td width=3D236 nowrap valign=3Dbottom =
style=3D'width:177.2pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Book Antiqua",serif'>Lincoln's/Swamp =
Sparrow</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></td><td width=3D48 nowrap =
valign=3Dbottom style=3D'width:35.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>3</span><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=3D102 nowrap =
valign=3Dbottom style=3D'width:76.85pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>3</span><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr =
style=3D'height:15.75pt'><td width=3D236 nowrap valign=3Dbottom =
style=3D'width:177.2pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Book Antiqua",serif'>Dark-eyed =
Junco</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></td><td width=3D48 nowrap =
valign=3Dbottom style=3D'width:35.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>2</span><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=3D102 nowrap =
valign=3Dbottom style=3D'width:76.85pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>1</span><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr =
style=3D'height:15.75pt'><td width=3D236 nowrap valign=3Dbottom =
style=3D'width:177.2pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Book Antiqua",serif'>Black-throated Blue =
Warbler</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></td><td width=3D48 nowrap =
valign=3Dbottom style=3D'width:35.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>1</span><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=3D102 nowrap =
valign=3Dbottom style=3D'width:76.85pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>1</span><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr =
style=3D'height:15.75pt'><td width=3D236 nowrap valign=3Dbottom =
style=3D'width:177.2pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Book Antiqua",serif'>Black-throated Green =
Warbler</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></td><td width=3D48 nowrap =
valign=3Dbottom style=3D'width:35.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>1</span><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=3D102 nowrap =
valign=3Dbottom style=3D'width:76.85pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>1</span><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr =
style=3D'height:16.5pt'><td width=3D236 nowrap valign=3Dbottom =
style=3D'width:177.2pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext =
1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.5pt'><div><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>Unidentified Warbler</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></td><td =
width=3D48 nowrap valign=3Dbottom =
style=3D'width:35.8pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext =
1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.5pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal =
align=3Dcenter style=3D'text-align:center'><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>1</span><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=3D102 nowrap =
valign=3Dbottom style=3D'width:76.85pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid =
windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.5pt'><p =
class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter style=3D'text-align:center'><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>1</span><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr><tr =
style=3D'height:15.75pt'><td width=3D236 nowrap valign=3Dbottom =
style=3D'width:177.2pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>Total</span><o:p></o:p></p></div></td><td width=3D48 =
nowrap valign=3Dbottom style=3D'width:35.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>88</span><o:p></o:p></p></td><td width=3D102 nowrap =
valign=3Dbottom style=3D'width:76.85pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm =
5.4pt;height:15.75pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><span style=3D'font-family:"Book =
Antiqua",serif'>78</span><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr></table><p =
class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:11.25pt'><span =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua",serif'>* Calls that =
are more than one minute apart plus calls that are less than one minute =
apart divided by three and rounded up to nearest whole =
number</span><o:p></o:p></p></blockquote></div></div></div></blockquote><=
/div><p class=3DMsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div></div></body></html>
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