[NatureNS] Red Herring & Forestry

From: Patrick Kelly <Patrick.Kelly@Dal.Ca>
To: "<naturens@chebucto.ns.ca>" <naturens@chebucto.ns.ca>
Thread-Topic: [NatureNS] Red Herring & Forestry
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There is always a bit of confusion in the name "NatureNS" This listserv was=
 set up for discussing nature in Nova Scotia.

Nature N.S. is also the "short name" for the Nova Scotia Federations of Nat=
uralists. (Think BMO vs Bank of Montreal.)

They are not related to each other. The Nova Scotia Federations of Naturali=
sts has had policy positions on other issues and one on biomass would be we=
ll within their mandate.

Pat


On Jan 9, 2016, at 1:20 PM, rita.paul@ns.sympatico.ca<mailto:rita.paul@ns.s=
ympatico.ca> wrote:

That of course wouldn't apply to Nature NS would it John?
Dave's micro-analysis is very informative even if few read or understand it=
.
As the saying goes "The Devil is in the details"
Enjoy the winter
Paul
On January 9, 2016 at 12:17 PM John and Nhung <nhungjohn@eastlink.ca<mailto=
:nhungjohn@eastlink.ca>> wrote:

Don=92t be discouraged, Nick!  Everyone is making important points, and if =
excessive, unnecessary micro-analysis leads to some stuff not being read, s=
o be it.  I think it=92s better to err on the side of including unimportant=
 stuff, rather than of excluding important stuff.  :)

I think Doug=92s comment about the need for a policy on biomass burning is =
spot-on, and will raise with TREPA, of which I=92m Exec. Director.  I=92ll =
probably end up suggesting something to the effect that biomass burning is =
acceptable to the extent that it does not deplete natural resources.

Howzzat??

From: naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca<mailto:naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca> [=
mailto:naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca] On Behalf Of Nicholas Hill
Sent: January 9, 2016 10:10 AM
To: naturens@chebucto.ns.ca<mailto:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca>
Subject: Re: Fwd: [NatureNS] Red Herring & Forestry

David
It's exasperating to never get anywhere to encounter argument for its own s=
ake seemingly not directed anywhere but always under the guise of going aft=
er truth.  People on this Nature NS site should expect that we are not wast=
ing their time and should not want to relegate the site to the junk box as =
they do.

We can all pick arguments and go after the holes of everything..COP21, mult=
iculturalism, trade unions, evidence for acid rain and calcium depletion, u=
tility of parks and protected areas..whatever. Sometimes there is a point, =
other times however, it seems the point is diluted by the fact that reasona=
ble conclusions are undermined by endless microanalysis that makes us want =
to
throw  up our hands and say maybe Nature NS cannot the place for useful dis=
cussion leading to conclusion.

I was starting to argue again, to make straightforward ecological points, t=
o provide general patterns, but you have exhausted this thread as you may h=
ave exhausted others on this list serve.

Nick

On Fri, Jan 8, 2016 at 10:20 PM, David & Alison Webster <dwebster@glinx.com=
<mailto:dwebster@glinx.com>> wrote:
Hi Doug & All,                                    Jan 8, 2016
    I am partial to evidence based conclusions. I have yet to see any exper=
imental results based on NS material. All I have received are fragments of =
the Gospel according to Nick & David P. If the evidence is so great and obv=
ious why is it being kept a secret ?

    The example which I quoted recently, and not explained, still has me wo=
ndering if the fuss about drastic Ca depletion is more than a fad in some c=
ases and perhaps all cases. This was from Table 2 in Lawerence and Huntingt=
on; given without background information.

    A site classified as highly sensitive to calcium depletion (Coweeta) ha=
s 1370 kg/ha exchangeable Ca, total Ca of 11500 kg/ha total Ca and Net Calc=
ium depletion of 6.6 kg/ha/year. So exchangeable Ca, assuming no recycling =
from Mixed Hardwood litter and foliage leaching which is of course false [M=
ost Ca in such litter would be released within a year], would be sufficient=
 for only 207 years. Note to self: urgent; order a truckload of lime to be =
delivered in 100 years.
    And Total Ca, in some undisclosed fraction of the rooting zone, of whic=
h the major portion would be bound in minerals [and such weathering would b=
e speeded  by the acidity of acid ppt.] would be sufficient once released t=
o last only 1700 years.

    I am partial to free and open evidence-based discussion. This latest mo=
ve; an official Nature NS policy sounds like a move to muzzle discussion an=
d replace it by worship of some ad-hoc form of Religion.  If that in fact p=
roves to be the case then Naturens will wither to a bird watch forum or som=
e dust on a cobweb.

    In one of my recent e-mails I indicated the merits of research into thi=
s and many other related questions. That bounced somewhat less than a dead =
cat.

    The will be many Science Graduates in the near future with no prospect =
of a job. And in my view there are a multitude of questions to be investiga=
ted. Why are the self-appointed High Priests of Nature NS so fearful of tru=
th being laid bare ?

    Nick, as came to light recently, I knew more about the history of charc=
oal forests in your UK area than you did. Is it perhaps possible that I kno=
w almost as much as you do about barrens in my backyard ? You speak of "ove=
rharvest transforming landscape into lower equilibrium states (e.g. shrub b=
arrens here and in NL)",

    Do you have documentary evidence of when these barrens carried a crop o=
f trees and when they were cut ? Where exactly are these barrens ? Have you=
 examined for traces of charcoal well below the litter layer by flotation ?=
 What textures and soil depths are represented ? Good soil or good highway =
fill too shallow to bother mining ?

    For example, the large barren west of the Costley homestead on Route 12=
 (just this side of the Salmontail River) was referred to by one of the Cos=
tleys (Milton or Truman) as "the fire barrens". It goes back to the mid-180=
0s if not earlier. And it seems likely that these barrens had help getting =
and remaining in that state. All Lowbush Blueberries were harvested wild in=
 those days and those living in Nova Scarcity needed to use all possible ed=
ibles.

    When my father was young [late 1800s, early 1900s] he and my grandfathe=
r (as I learned by chance from some Costley70+ years later) used to drive o=
ut (horse and buggy; by star, moon or slack reins both ways) every year to =
pick blueberries and return to Cambridge, Kings Co with a year's supply. Hi=
s father David Costley was famous as a bear hunter and elderly when he was =
decorated by Queen Victoria (early 1900s ?) for the many Bear hides he had =
provided. One can be reasonably sure that Blueberries were the bear draw.

    As recently as 1960 there was an area near Aldershot which used to catc=
h fire at a convenient time so there would be a renewal of the plants and b=
etter crops for a few years. Vaccinium a. is not shade tolerant so decent s=
tands would tend to develop where light coarse soil texture could support o=
nly scattered Pines, runty Betula populifolia and the like.

    And in addition to the fires set in relatively recent times by intent, =
fires started by lightening or careless use of fire would be expected to ad=
d to the roster over time. And before European settlers arrived there were =
Indians for 8,000 to 10,000 (?) years and it would be strange indeed it the=
y over time did not have fire barrens until the berry plants played out. To=
 survive here, using stone age culture, I expect that on average they were =
a good deal more intelligent than the average modern University Prof. so th=
ey surely would have used fire and made good use of these berries.

    I am concerned that ganging up on the government to make sudden changes=
 will snuff out use of Biomass period; woodland or otherwise. Politicians n=
ever need bad press; least of all now.

    I have studiously avoided ever becoming a member of any organization wh=
ich might attempt to control thoughts. Personal freedom of thought is of gr=
eat value and members of the the Little Pioneers or whatever are expected t=
o, in North Korea style, acquire Little Pioneers ways of thought.


Yours truly, David H. Webster, Kentville



----- Original Message -----
From: "Doug Linzey" <doug.linzey@gmail.com<mailto:doug.linzey@gmail.com>>
To: <naturens@chebucto.ns.ca<mailto:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca>>
Sent: Friday, January 08, 2016 4:21 PM
Subject: Re: Fwd: [NatureNS] Red Herring & Forestry

> Succinctly put, Nick.
>
> I agree that Nature Nova Scotia should have a policy statement on
> biomass burning in the province. At this point the NNS board is well
> aware of the situation and will likely discuss the topic at its meeting
> in Halifax this weekend.
>
> In the meantime, if this subject is of concern to you, let your local
> naturalist clubs know. They are the backbone of Nature Nova Scotia
> (naturens.ca<http://naturens.ca>):
>
>    Blomidon Naturalists Society (www.blomidonnaturalists.ca/<http://www.b=
lomidonnaturalists.ca/>)
>    Cape Breton Naturalists Society
>    (www.facebook.com/CapeBretonNaturalistsSociety<http://www.facebook.com=
/CapeBretonNaturalistsSociety>)
>    Friends of the Pugwash Estuary (www.pugwashestuary.com/<http://www.pug=
washestuary.com/>)
>    Halifax Field Naturalists (www.halifaxfieldnaturalists.ca/<http://www.=
halifaxfieldnaturalists.ca/>)
>    Nova Scotia Bird Society (www.nsbirdsociety.ca/<http://www.nsbirdsocie=
ty.ca/>)
>    Nova Scotia Wild Flora Society (www.nswildflora.ca/<http://www.nswildf=
lora.ca/>)
>    Tusket River Environmental Protection Association (TREPA)
>    (www.trepa.com<http://www.trepa.com>)
>    Young Naturalists Clubs of Nova Scotia (ync.nature1st.net/<http://ync.=
nature1st.net/>)
>
>
> Doug Linzey
> (in the Arlington woods)
> BNS representative to the NNS board
>
> On 08-Jan-16 12:01 PM, Nicholas Hill wrote:
>> "when we cut the forest and ploughed our prairies, we never knew what
>> we were doing because we never knew what we were undoing" (Wes Jackson
>> citing a Wendell Berry letter)
>>
>> But we do know what we are undoing and if we don't given the thesis
>> David Patriquin has reported has not been acted on, a minor paper I've
>> done, a bunch of work Bill Freedman did, numerous examples..some in
>> our own province..of overharvest transforming landscape into lower
>> equilibrium states (e.g. shrub barrens here and in NL), the much
>> heralded (globe and mail.."osteoporosis of forest soils") impact of
>> acidification on calcium all over eastern Canada (John Smol's lab at
>> Queens), then we choose not to know.
>>
>> We are dealing with a serious threat to Nova Scotia forests and we can
>> choose not to think about it and get in the car and go to a token
>> intact area but as naturalists, we need to take a united position,
>> stop the doubt on the big stuff, and provide leadership. We have no
>> grants to protect, we need to firmly state that we are for a
>> responsible use of forests that takes a multigenerational view of
>> impact. Until there is a process in place that ensures that a
>> landscape is not operating in the red in terms of soil nutrient and
>> structure and in terms of habitat for key species, we need to put a
>> moratorium on large-scale biomass burning to generate electricity in
>> Nova Scotia.
>>
>> Nick
>>
>> <snip>
>>
>>     ----- Original Message -----
>>     *From:* Nicholas Hill <mailto:fernhillns@gmail.com>
>>     *To:* naturens@chebucto.ns.ca<mailto:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca> <mailt=
o:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca>
>>     *Sent:* Thursday, January 07, 2016 7:50 PM
>>     *Subject:* Re: Fwd: [NatureNS] Red Herring & Forestry
>>
>>     Oh Jim,  no one would be so stupid as to put good forest into a
>>     burner electroconvetrer losing 70% of its  energy in conversion
>>     and that calcium and habitat from the forest floor.
>>
>>     Now, there are ways to grow biomass but that too needs habitat
>>     planning.
>>
>>     It sounds as if the Nova Scotia naturalists ..nature NS ..should
>>     take a stand on how and when to use biomass before what is
>>     important to us is further threatened by those who say they are
>>     acting for our financial well-being. While this may be so,
>>     indiscriminate conversion of foresy biomass would be doing our
>>     kids a disservice.
>>
>>     Nick
>>
>>
> <snip>
>
>
> -----
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Patrick Kelly

Director of Computer Facilities

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Faculty of Architecture and Planning

Dalhousie University

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MAIL                                   COURIER

PO Box 15000                           5410 Spring Garden Road

Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2           Halifax, Nova Scotia

Canada                                 Canada

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Phone:(902) 494-3294    FAX:(902) 423-6672   E-mail:patrick.kelly@dal.ca

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<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv=3D"Content-Type" content=3D"text/html; charset=3DWindows-1=
252">
<base href=3D"x-msg://1099/">
</head>
<body style=3D"word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-lin=
e-break: after-white-space; ">
There is always a bit of confusion in the name &quot;NatureNS&quot; This li=
stserv was set up for discussing nature in Nova Scotia.
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Nature N.S. is also the &quot;short name&quot; for the Nova Scotia Fed=
erations of Naturalists. (Think BMO vs Bank of Montreal.)</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>They are not related to each other. The&nbsp;Nova Scotia Federations o=
f Naturalists has had policy positions on other issues and one on biomass w=
ould be well within their mandate.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Pat</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div><br>
<div>
<div>On Jan 9, 2016, at 1:20 PM, <a href=3D"mailto:rita.paul@ns.sympatico.c=
a">rita.paul@ns.sympatico.ca</a> wrote:</div>
<br class=3D"Apple-interchange-newline">
<blockquote type=3D"cite"><span class=3D"Apple-style-span" style=3D"border-=
collapse: separate; font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-varian=
t: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal=
; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: n=
one; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-hori=
zontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-dec=
orations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stro=
ke-width: 0px; font-size: medium; ">
<div>
<div>That of course wouldn't apply to Nature NS would it John?</div>
<div>Dave's micro-analysis is very informative even if few read or understa=
nd it.</div>
<div>As the saying goes &quot;The Devil is in the details&quot;</div>
<div>Enjoy the winter</div>
<div>Paul</div>
<blockquote type=3D"cite" style=3D"padding-left: 10px; margin-left: 0px; bo=
rder-left-color: blue; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-style: solid; po=
sition: relative; ">
On January 9, 2016 at 12:17 PM John and Nhung &lt;<a href=3D"mailto:nhungjo=
hn@eastlink.ca" style=3D"color: blue; text-decoration: underline; ">nhungjo=
hn@eastlink.ca</a>&gt; wrote:<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</=
span><br>
<br>
<div class=3D"WordSection1">
<div style=3D"margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-=
bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "=
>
<span style=3D"color: rgb(31, 73, 125); font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; f=
ont-size: 11pt; ">Don=92t be discouraged, Nick!&nbsp; Everyone is making im=
portant points, and if excessive, unnecessary micro-analysis leads to some =
stuff not being read, so be it.&nbsp; I think
 it=92s better to err on the side of including unimportant stuff, rather th=
an of excluding important stuff.&nbsp;<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space"=
>&nbsp;</span></span><span style=3D"color: rgb(31, 73, 125); font-family: W=
ingdings; font-size: 11pt; ">J</span><span style=3D"color: rgb(31, 73, 125)=
; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; "></span></div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-=
left: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times Ne=
w Roman', serif; ">
<span style=3D"color: rgb(31, 73, 125); font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; f=
ont-size: 11pt; ">&nbsp;</span></p>
<div style=3D"margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-=
bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "=
>
<span style=3D"color: rgb(31, 73, 125); font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; f=
ont-size: 11pt; ">I think Doug=92s comment about the need for a policy on b=
iomass burning is spot-on, and will raise with TREPA, of which I=92m Exec. =
Director. &nbsp;I=92ll probably end up suggesting
 something to the effect that biomass burning is acceptable to the extent t=
hat it does not deplete natural resources.</span></div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-=
left: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times Ne=
w Roman', serif; ">
<span style=3D"color: rgb(31, 73, 125); font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; f=
ont-size: 11pt; ">&nbsp;</span></p>
<div style=3D"margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-=
bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "=
>
<span style=3D"color: rgb(31, 73, 125); font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; f=
ont-size: 11pt; ">Howzzat??</span></div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-=
left: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times Ne=
w Roman', serif; ">
<span style=3D"color: rgb(31, 73, 125); font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; f=
ont-size: 11pt; ">&nbsp;</span></p>
<div style=3D"margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-=
bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "=
>
<strong><span style=3D"font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; ">=
From:</span></strong><span style=3D"font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; font-s=
ize: 10pt; "><span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a href=3D"=
mailto:naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca" style=3D"color: blue; text-decoration=
: underline; ">naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca</a><span class=3D"Apple-conver=
ted-space">&nbsp;</span>[mailto:naturens-owner@chebucto.ns.ca]<span class=
=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><strong>On
 Behalf Of<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></strong>Nicho=
las Hill<br>
<strong>Sent:</strong><span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>Ja=
nuary 9, 2016 10:10 AM<br>
<strong>To:</strong><span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a h=
ref=3D"mailto:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca" style=3D"color: blue; text-decoratio=
n: underline; ">naturens@chebucto.ns.ca</a><br>
<strong>Subject:</strong><span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span=
>Re: Fwd: [NatureNS] Red Herring &amp; Forestry</span></div>
<p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-=
left: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times Ne=
w Roman', serif; ">
&nbsp;</p>
<div>
<div style=3D"margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-=
bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "=
>
David</div>
<div>
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>
It's exasperating to never get anywhere to encounter argument for its own s=
ake seemingly not directed anywhere but always under the guise of going aft=
er truth.&nbsp; People on this Nature NS site should expect that we are not=
 wasting their time and should not want
 to relegate the site to the junk box as they do.</div>
</div>
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left: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times Ne=
w Roman', serif; ">
&nbsp;</p>
</div>
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>
We can all pick arguments and go after the holes of everything..COP21, mult=
iculturalism, trade unions, evidence for acid rain and calcium depletion, u=
tility of parks and protected areas..whatever. Sometimes there is a point, =
other times however, it seems the
 point is diluted by the fact that reasonable conclusions are undermined by=
 endless microanalysis that makes us want to&nbsp;</div>
</div>
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>
throw &nbsp;up our hands and say maybe Nature NS cannot the place for usefu=
l discussion leading to conclusion.</div>
</div>
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left: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times Ne=
w Roman', serif; ">
&nbsp;</p>
</div>
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bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "=
>
I was starting to argue again, to make straightforward ecological points, t=
o provide general patterns, but you have exhausted this thread as you may h=
ave exhausted others on this list serve.</div>
</div>
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left: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times Ne=
w Roman', serif; ">
&nbsp;</p>
</div>
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>
Nick</div>
</div>
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&nbsp;</p>
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On Fri, Jan 8, 2016 at 10:20 PM, David &amp; Alison Webster &lt;<a target=
=3D"_blank" href=3D"mailto:dwebster@glinx.com" style=3D"color: blue; text-d=
ecoration: underline; ">dwebster@glinx.com</a>&gt; wrote:</div>
<div>
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>
Hi Doug &amp; All,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; =
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;=
 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Jan 8, 2016</div>
</div>
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>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; I am partial to evidence based conclusions. I have yet t=
o see any experimental results based on NS material. All I have received&nb=
sp;are fragments of the Gospel according to Nick &amp; David P. If the evid=
ence is so great and obvious why is it being&nbsp;kept a secret
 ?</div>
</div>
<div>
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left: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times Ne=
w Roman', serif; ">
&nbsp;</p>
</div>
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bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "=
>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The example which I quoted recently, and not explained, =
still has me wondering if the fuss about drastic Ca depletion&nbsp;is more =
than a fad in some cases and perhaps all cases.&nbsp;This was from Table 2 =
in Lawerence and Huntington; given without background information.</div>
</div>
<div>
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left: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times Ne=
w Roman', serif; ">
&nbsp;</p>
</div>
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>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A site classified as<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space=
">&nbsp;</span><span style=3D"color: red; ">highly sensitive to calcium dep=
letion<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></span><span style=
=3D"color: black; ">(Coweeta) has 1370 kg/ha exchangeable Ca, total
 Ca of 11500 kg/ha total Ca and Net Calcium depletion of 6.6 kg/ha/year. So=
 exchangeable Ca, assuming no recycling from<span class=3D"Apple-converted-=
space">&nbsp;</span></span><span style=3D"color: red; ">Mixed Hardwood</spa=
n><span style=3D"color: black; ">&nbsp;litter and
 foliage leaching which is of course false [Most Ca in such litter would be=
 released within a year], would be sufficient for only 207 years.<span clas=
s=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></span><span style=3D"color: red; =
">Note to self: urgent; order a truckload
 of lime to be delivered in&nbsp;100 years</span><span style=3D"color: blac=
k; ">.</span></div>
</div>
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bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "=
>
<span style=3D"color: black; ">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; And Total Ca, in some und=
isclosed fraction of the rooting zone, of which the major portion would be =
bound in minerals [and such weathering would be speeded&nbsp; by the acidit=
y of acid ppt.]&nbsp;would be sufficient once released to last
 only 1700 years.</span></div>
</div>
<div>
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left: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times Ne=
w Roman', serif; ">
&nbsp;</p>
</div>
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bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "=
>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; I am partial to free and open evidence-based discussion.=
 This latest move; an official Nature NS policy sounds like a move to muzzl=
e discussion and replace it by worship of some&nbsp;ad-hoc form of Religion=
. &nbsp;If that in fact proves to be the case then Naturens
 will wither to a bird watch forum or some dust on a cobweb.</div>
</div>
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w Roman', serif; ">
&nbsp;</p>
</div>
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>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; In one of my recent e-mails I indicated the merits of re=
search into this and many other related&nbsp;questions. That bounced somewh=
at less than a dead cat.</div>
</div>
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left: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times Ne=
w Roman', serif; ">
&nbsp;</p>
</div>
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>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The will be many Science Graduates in the near future wi=
th no prospect of a job. And in my view there are a multitude of questions =
to be investigated. Why are the self-appointed High Priests of Nature NS so=
 fearful of truth being laid bare ?</div>
</div>
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w Roman', serif; ">
&nbsp;</p>
</div>
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>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><span =
style=3D"color: red; ">Nick</span>, as came to light recently, I knew more =
about the history of charcoal forests in your UK area than you did. Is it p=
erhaps possible that I know almost as much as you do about
 barrens in my backyard ? You speak of<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space"=
>&nbsp;</span><span style=3D"color: red; ">&quot;overharvest transforming l=
andscape into lower equilibrium states (e.g. shrub barrens here and in NL)&=
quot;,</span></div>
</div>
<div>
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left: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times Ne=
w Roman', serif; ">
&nbsp;</p>
</div>
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>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Do you have documentary evidence of when these barrens c=
arried a crop of trees&nbsp;and when they were cut ? Where exactly are thes=
e barrens ?&nbsp;Have you examined for&nbsp;traces of charcoal well&nbsp;be=
low the litter layer by flotation&nbsp;? What textures and soil depths are
 represented ? Good soil or good highway fill too shallow to bother mining =
?</div>
</div>
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w Roman', serif; ">
&nbsp;</p>
</div>
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bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "=
>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; For example, the large barren west of the Costley homest=
ead on Route 12 (just this side of the Salmontail River) was referred to by=
&nbsp;one of the Costleys (Milton or Truman)&nbsp;as &quot;the fire barrens=
&quot;. It goes back to the mid-1800s if not earlier. And it seems
 likely that these barrens had help getting and remaining in that state. Al=
l Lowbush Blueberries were harvested wild in those days and those living in=
 Nova Scarcity needed to use all possible edibles.</div>
</div>
<div>
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left: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times Ne=
w Roman', serif; ">
&nbsp;</p>
</div>
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bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "=
>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; When my father was&nbsp;young [late 1800s, early 1900s] =
he and my grandfather (as I learned by chance from some Costley70&#43; year=
s later) used to drive out (horse and buggy; by star, moon or&nbsp;slack re=
ins&nbsp;both ways) every year to pick blueberries and return to Cambridge,
 Kings Co with a year's supply.&nbsp;His father&nbsp;David Costley&nbsp;was=
 famous as a bear hunter and elderly when he was decorated by Queen Victori=
a&nbsp;(early 1900s ?) for the many Bear hides he&nbsp;had provided. One ca=
n be reasonably sure that Blueberries were the bear draw.</div>
</div>
<div>
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left: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times Ne=
w Roman', serif; ">
&nbsp;</p>
</div>
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bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "=
>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; As recently as 1960 there was an area near Aldershot whi=
ch used to catch fire at a convenient time&nbsp;so there would be a renewal=
 of the plants and better crops for a few years. Vaccinium a. is not shade =
tolerant so decent stands would tend to develop where
 light coarse soil texture could support only scattered Pines, runty Betula=
 populifolia and the like.</div>
</div>
<div>
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left: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times Ne=
w Roman', serif; ">
&nbsp;</p>
</div>
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bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "=
>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; And in addition to the fires set in relatively recent ti=
mes by intent, fires started by lightening or careless use of fire would be=
 expected to add to the roster over time. And before European settlers arri=
ved there were Indians for 8,000 to 10,000&nbsp;(?)
 years and it would be strange indeed it they over time did not have fire b=
arrens until the berry&nbsp;plants played out. To survive here, using stone=
 age culture, I expect that on average they were&nbsp;a good deal more inte=
lligent than the average modern University
 Prof. so they surely would have used fire and made good use of these berri=
es.</div>
</div>
<div>
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left: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times Ne=
w Roman', serif; ">
&nbsp;</p>
</div>
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bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "=
>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; I am concerned that ganging up on the government to make=
 sudden changes will snuff out use of Biomass period; woodland or otherwise=
. Politicians never need bad press; least of all now.</div>
</div>
<div>
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left: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times Ne=
w Roman', serif; ">
&nbsp;</p>
</div>
<div>
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bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "=
>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; I have studiously avoided ever becoming a member of any =
organization which might attempt to control thoughts. Personal freedom of t=
hought is of great value and members of the the Little Pioneers or whatever=
 are expected to, in North Korea style, acquire
 Little Pioneers ways of thought.</div>
</div>
<div>
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left: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times Ne=
w Roman', serif; ">
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>
</div>
<div>
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left: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times Ne=
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&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>
</div>
<div>
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bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "=
>
Yours truly, David H. Webster, Kentville</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
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w Roman', serif; ">
&nbsp;</p>
</div>
<div>
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left: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times Ne=
w Roman', serif; ">
&nbsp;</p>
</div>
<div>
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left: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times Ne=
w Roman', serif; ">
&nbsp;</p>
</div>
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bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "=
>
----- Original Message -----</div>
<div>
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bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "=
>
From: &quot;Doug Linzey&quot; &lt;<a target=3D"_blank" href=3D"mailto:doug.=
linzey@gmail.com" style=3D"color: blue; text-decoration: underline; ">doug.=
linzey@gmail.com</a>&gt;</div>
</div>
<div>
<div style=3D"margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-=
bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "=
>
To: &lt;<a target=3D"_blank" href=3D"mailto:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca" style=
=3D"color: blue; text-decoration: underline; ">naturens@chebucto.ns.ca</a>&=
gt;</div>
</div>
<div>
<div style=3D"margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-=
bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "=
>
Sent: Friday, January 08, 2016 4:21 PM</div>
</div>
<div>
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bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "=
>
Subject: Re: Fwd: [NatureNS] Red Herring &amp; Forestry</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
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left: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times Ne=
w Roman', serif; ">
&nbsp;</p>
</div>
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bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; "=
>
&gt; Succinctly put, Nick.<br>
&gt;<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br>
&gt; I agree that Nature Nova Scotia should have a policy statement on<span=
 class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br>
&gt; biomass burning in the province. At this point the NNS board is well<s=
pan class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br>
&gt; aware of the situation and will likely discuss the topic at its meetin=
g<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br>
&gt; in Halifax this weekend.<br>
&gt;<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br>
&gt; In the meantime, if this subject is of concern to you, let your local<=
span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br>
&gt; naturalist clubs know. They are the backbone of Nature Nova Scotia<spa=
n class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br>
&gt; (<a target=3D"_blank" href=3D"http://naturens.ca" style=3D"color: blue=
; text-decoration: underline; ">naturens.ca</a>):<br>
&gt;<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br>
&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Blomidon Naturalists Society (<a target=3D"_blank" h=
ref=3D"http://www.blomidonnaturalists.ca/" style=3D"color: blue; text-decor=
ation: underline; ">www.blomidonnaturalists.ca/</a>)<br>
&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cape Breton Naturalists Society<br>
&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (<a target=3D"_blank" href=3D"http://www.facebook.co=
m/CapeBretonNaturalistsSociety" style=3D"color: blue; text-decoration: unde=
rline; ">www.facebook.com/CapeBretonNaturalistsSociety</a>)<br>
&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Friends of the Pugwash Estuary (<a target=3D"_blank"=
 href=3D"http://www.pugwashestuary.com/" style=3D"color: blue; text-decorat=
ion: underline; ">www.pugwashestuary.com/</a>)<br>
&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Halifax Field Naturalists (<a target=3D"_blank" href=
=3D"http://www.halifaxfieldnaturalists.ca/" style=3D"color: blue; text-deco=
ration: underline; ">www.halifaxfieldnaturalists.ca/</a>)<br>
&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Nova Scotia Bird Society (<a target=3D"_blank" href=
=3D"http://www.nsbirdsociety.ca/" style=3D"color: blue; text-decoration: un=
derline; ">www.nsbirdsociety.ca/</a>)<br>
&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Nova Scotia Wild Flora Society (<a target=3D"_blank"=
 href=3D"http://www.nswildflora.ca/" style=3D"color: blue; text-decoration:=
 underline; ">www.nswildflora.ca/</a>)<br>
&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Tusket River Environmental Protection Association (T=
REPA)<br>
&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (<a target=3D"_blank" href=3D"http://www.trepa.com" =
style=3D"color: blue; text-decoration: underline; ">www.trepa.com</a>)<br>
&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Young Naturalists Clubs of Nova Scotia (<a target=3D=
"_blank" href=3D"http://ync.nature1st.net/" style=3D"color: blue; text-deco=
ration: underline; ">ync.nature1st.net/</a>)<br>
&gt;<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br>
&gt;<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br>
&gt; Doug Linzey<br>
&gt; (in the Arlington woods)<br>
&gt; BNS representative to the NNS board<br>
&gt;<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br>
&gt; On 08-Jan-16 12:01 PM, Nicholas Hill wrote:<br>
&gt;&gt; &quot;when we cut the forest and ploughed our prairies, we never k=
new what<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br>
&gt;&gt; we were doing because we never knew what we were undoing&quot; (We=
s Jackson<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br>
&gt;&gt; citing a Wendell Berry letter)<br>
&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt; But we do know what we are undoing and if we don't given the thesi=
s<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br>
&gt;&gt; David Patriquin has reported has not been acted on, a minor paper =
I've<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br>
&gt;&gt; done, a bunch of work Bill Freedman did, numerous examples..some i=
n<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br>
&gt;&gt; our own province..of overharvest transforming landscape into lower=
<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br>
&gt;&gt; equilibrium states (e.g. shrub barrens here and in NL), the much<s=
pan class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br>
&gt;&gt; heralded (globe and mail..&quot;osteoporosis of forest soils&quot;=
) impact of<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br>
&gt;&gt; acidification on calcium all over eastern Canada (John Smol's lab =
at<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br>
&gt;&gt; Queens), then we choose not to know.<br>
&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt; We are dealing with a serious threat to Nova Scotia forests and we=
 can<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br>
&gt;&gt; choose not to think about it and get in the car and go to a token<=
span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br>
&gt;&gt; intact area but as naturalists, we need to take a united position,=
<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br>
&gt;&gt; stop the doubt on the big stuff, and provide leadership. We have n=
o<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br>
&gt;&gt; grants to protect, we need to firmly state that we are for a<span =
class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br>
&gt;&gt; responsible use of forests that takes a multigenerational view of<=
span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br>
&gt;&gt; impact. Until there is a process in place that ensures that a<span=
 class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br>
&gt;&gt; landscape is not operating in the red in terms of soil nutrient an=
d<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br>
&gt;&gt; structure and in terms of habitat for key species, we need to put =
a<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br>
&gt;&gt; moratorium on large-scale biomass burning to generate electricity =
in<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br>
&gt;&gt; Nova Scotia.<br>
&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt; Nick<br>
&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt; &lt;snip&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ----- Original Message -----<br>
&gt;&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *From:* Nicholas Hill &lt;<a target=3D"_bl=
ank" href=3D"mailto:fernhillns@gmail.com" style=3D"color: blue; text-decora=
tion: underline; ">mailto:fernhillns@gmail.com</a>&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *To:*<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space"=
>&nbsp;</span><a target=3D"_blank" href=3D"mailto:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca" =
style=3D"color: blue; text-decoration: underline; ">naturens@chebucto.ns.ca=
</a><span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>&lt;<a target=3D"_bl=
ank" href=3D"mailto:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca" style=3D"color: blue; text-dec=
oration: underline; ">mailto:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca</a>&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *Sent:* Thursday, January 07, 2016 7:50 PM=
<br>
&gt;&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; *Subject:* Re: Fwd: [NatureNS] Red Herring=
 &amp; Forestry<br>
&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Oh Jim,&nbsp; no one would be so stupid as=
 to put good forest into a<br>
&gt;&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; burner electroconvetrer losing 70% of its&=
nbsp; energy in conversion<br>
&gt;&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; and that calcium and habitat from the fore=
st floor.<br>
&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Now, there are ways to grow biomass but th=
at too needs habitat<br>
&gt;&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; planning.<br>
&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; It sounds as if the Nova Scotia naturalist=
s ..nature NS ..should<br>
&gt;&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; take a stand on how and when to use biomas=
s before what is<br>
&gt;&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; important to us is further threatened by t=
hose who say they are<br>
&gt;&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; acting for our financial well-being. While=
 this may be so,<br>
&gt;&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; indiscriminate conversion of foresy biomas=
s would be doing our<br>
&gt;&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; kids a disservice.<br>
&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Nick<br>
&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt;&gt;<br>
&gt; &lt;snip&gt;<br>
&gt;<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><br>
&gt;</div>
</div>
</div>
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&gt; Checked by AVG -<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><a =
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&gt; Version: 2016.0.7294 / Virus Database: 4489/11353 - Release Date: 01/0=
8/16<br>
&gt;</div>
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<font face=3D"Courier" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: normal normal normal 12px/=
normal Courier; "><br class=3D"Apple-interchange-newline">
=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
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<font face=3D"Courier" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: normal normal normal 12px/=
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<p style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-=
left: 0px; ">
<font face=3D"Courier" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: normal normal normal 12px/=
normal Courier; ">Director of Computer Facilities</font></p>
<p style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-=
left: 0px; ">
<font face=3D"Courier" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: normal normal normal 12px/=
normal Courier; ">=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
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=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D</font></p>
<p style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-=
left: 0px; ">
<font face=3D"Courier" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: normal normal normal 12px/=
normal Courier; ">Faculty of Architecture and Planning</font></p>
<p style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-=
left: 0px; ">
<font face=3D"Courier" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: normal normal normal 12px/=
normal Courier; ">Dalhousie University</font></p>
<p style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-=
left: 0px; ">
<font face=3D"Courier" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: normal normal normal 12px/=
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=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D</font></p>
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left: 0px; ">
<font face=3D"Courier" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: normal normal normal 12px/=
normal Courier; ">MAIL &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nb=
sp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; COURIER<=
/font></p>
<p style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-=
left: 0px; ">
<font face=3D"Courier" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: normal normal normal 12px/=
normal Courier; ">PO Box 15000 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=
=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; =
&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></spa=
n>5410 Spring Garden Road</font></p>
<p style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-=
left: 0px; ">
<font face=3D"Courier" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: normal normal normal 12px/=
normal Courier; ">Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2<span class=3D"Apple-converte=
d-space">&nbsp;</span><span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp; &nbsp; &=
nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></spa=
n>Halifax,
 Nova Scotia</font></p>
<p style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-=
left: 0px; ">
<font face=3D"Courier" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: normal normal normal 12px/=
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bsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<=
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left: 0px; ">
<font face=3D"Courier" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: normal normal normal 12px/=
normal Courier; ">Phone:(902) 494-3294<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space"=
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:(902) 423-6672<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><span cla=
ss=3D"Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space">&n=
bsp;</span></span>E-mail:patrick.kelly@dal.ca</font></p>
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