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--Boundary_(ID_O275CmtUfkrHEPnQV1IEXA) Content-type: text/plain; CHARSET=US-ASCII; delsp=yes; format=flowed Content-transfer-encoding: 7BIT Just want to add a short quote from Stephen Marshall's tome, "INSECTS -- Their Natural History and Diversity" (an incredible book also full of oodles of photos): p. 422 -- [re Boreus snow scorpionflies] "... small (about 4 mm) insects. Snow scorpionflies often jump straight up when you approach them for a close look, landing back in the snow with their appendages folded against the body so that they resemble inanimate specks of dirt on the snow." Additionally, both adult and larvae eat just moss. ALSO further to the remarks about snow fleas, Collembolans, with which I have much more familiarity, I am used to seeing them on late winter days when the snow is melting, especially in the circular depressions in melting snow around tree-trunks. Cheers from Jim in Wolfville Begin forwarded message: > From: Stephen Shaw <srshaw@dal.ca> > Date: February 17, 2010 1:06:11 AM AST > To: naturens@chebucto.ns.ca > Subject: Re: [NatureNS] snow fleas (probably Boreus, Mecoptera) > Reply-To: naturens@chebucto.ns.ca > > Thanks to all respondents for the info, and I think everybody is > right on this > one in some sense, where the colloquial name 'snowfleas' usually > does refer to > Collembola, springtails. I should have used 'snow mecopterans', > Boreidae. > > The confusion was generated by my adoption of this casual > terminology directly > from a paper in 2006 by John Edwards of University of Washington in > Seattle. > He mentioned it in briefly describing some mecopterans he had > encountered on > snow in Europe, whose jumping prowess he found to be independent of > temperature. This is what interested Malcolm Burrows, whose work > recently has > been aimed at uncovering the mechanisms behind the jumps and other > rapid > movements of various insects and crustaceans. The Edwards > specimens are > definitely Mecoptera, and the only genus found in eastern N. > America is Boreus > with 2 species (to see photo'd specimens, browse to BugGuide.net > and type > 'Boreus' in the search box -- you don't have to be a member). > > Briefly, none of these insects can make the jumps that they perform > by instant > application of muscle force (no muscle is that powerful or fast > enough to > accelerate the load sufficiently). Instead they have to use their > muscle power > to slowly wind up tension in some other structure, which stores > this energy for > quick release on a trigger, like a crossbow. It was thought that > the storage > structure was the almost perfect natural rubber 'resilin', in true > fleas for > instance. But what came out of the work we did when Burrows was > here last was > that this won't work either in the champion jumping bug we looked > at -- resilin > is simply not stiff enough, according to our engineer colleague > Greg Sutton. It > appears that the energy is stored by bending a composite internal > material made > up of insect cuticle (stiff enough) plus some resilin (shock > absorber?) -- we > compared this to Mongol composite archery bows that very > effectively used a > similar principle, as a horn-wood-sinew glued triplex in that case. > > It is likely that Malcolm Burrows will be here only up to early > December. Has > anyone encountered 'snow mecopterans' that early in the winter in > N.S? Or, I > wonder if you can find their immature stages? He needs a few live > ones to > photo their take-offs with an ultra-high speed camera (I think it's > capable of > 30,000 frames per second but he uses it only to ~8000 fps). This time > resolution is needed to work out the initial acceleration > accurately, to know > what you need to explain for the particular insect. > Steve > > Quoting Anne Mills <ocotillo@ns.sympatico.ca>: >> When I was teaching Terrestrial Diversity in the Biology >> Department at Dal., I always had a sample of the wingless insects >> on display in the lab for the students. Andrew identified them >> correctly as Collembola but I will add here that they are from one >> of 5 groups (orders) of "wingless insects" (subclass Apterygota) >> that we studied. The Collembola are the springtails or snowfleas >> that one sees on pond surfaces or streams at this time of the >> year. I used to see them often at the Hd. of St. Margaret's Bay up >> in the woods either on the trail or at the edge of the stream >> running down the hill. They come in various colours - black, rust, >> bright yellow and blue! although I have not seen the latter two >> colours. If you find a largish cluster of them on the snow put >> your ear to them and you'll hear little click clicks as they jump. >> >> Anne Mills >> >> >> ----- Original Message ----- From: "Joan Czapalay" >> <joancz@ns.sympatico.ca> >> To: <naturens@chebucto.ns.ca> >> Sent: Tuesday, February 16, 2010 6:45 PM >> Subject: Re: [NatureNS] snow fleas (probably Boreus, Mecoptera) >> >> >>> We used to see them a lot around the shady side of the school in >>> Port La Tour, Shel. Co.. I had someone from DRN identify them as >>> "snow fleas" for our outdoor nature class, but don't remember the >>> scientific name. Seems we always saw them on an unusually mild >>> day in Feb/early March. Cheers, Joan >>> >>> Stephen Shaw wrote: >>>> Has anyone into winter hiking come across these, snow fleas >>>> (Mecoptera = >>>> scorpionflies)? >>>> They are expected to be black or brown, about 3 mm long, >>>> flightless (vestigial >>>> wings), come out on to the snow surface in the day in winter, >>>> and can jump. They have been photo'd from early December through >>>> mid February on >>>> Bugguide.net, in places like New Hampshire and Ontario. The >>>> species featured >>>> on Bugguide are mostly Boreus brumalis and Boreus nivoriundus. >>>> >>>> A colleague from Cambridge, Malcolm Burrows, who visited here a >>>> couple of years >>>> ago to work on jumping mecahnisms in true bugs, is coming back >>>> again later this >>>> year. He is the expert on the mechanics of insect jumps and has >>>> just asked me >>>> if any species of Boreus is found here. Has anyone seen any >>>> jumping critter >>>> like this somewhere in N.S., and if so at what sort of date? >>>> Thanks, >>>> Steve >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>> >> >> >> > > > > -- > Stephen R. Shaw Ph.D. > Dept of Psychology & Neuroscience > Dalhousie University > 1355 Oxford Street > Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J1 > e-mail: srshaw@dal.ca > phone: 1-902-494-2886 > fax: 1-902-494-6585 > > --Boundary_(ID_O275CmtUfkrHEPnQV1IEXA) Content-type: text/html; CHARSET=US-ASCII Content-transfer-encoding: quoted-printable <html><body style=3D"word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; = -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "> Just want to add a short quote from Stephen Marshall's tome, "INSECTS -- = Their Natural History and Diversity" (an incredible book also full of = oodles of photos):<div><br></div><div>p. 422 -- [re Boreus snow = scorpionflies] "... small (about 4 mm) insects. Snow scorpionflies = often jump straight up when you approach them for a close look, landing = back in the snow with their appendages folded against the body so that = they resemble inanimate specks of dirt on the snow." Additionally, = both adult and larvae eat just moss.</div><div><br></div><div>ALSO = further to the remarks about snow fleas, Collembolans, with which I have = much more familiarity, I am used to seeing them on late winter days when = the snow is melting, especially in the circular depressions in melting = snow around tree-trunks.</div><div><br></div><div>Cheers from Jim in = Wolfville<br><div><br><div>Begin forwarded message:</div><br = class=3D"Apple-interchange-newline"><blockquote type=3D"cite"><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; "><font face=3D"Helvetica" size=3D"3" color=3D"#000000" = style=3D"font: 12.0px Helvetica; color: #000000"><b>From: = </b></font><font face=3D"Helvetica" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: 12.0px = Helvetica">Stephen Shaw <<a = href=3D"mailto:srshaw@dal.ca">srshaw@dal.ca</a>></font></div><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; "><font face=3D"Helvetica" size=3D"3" color=3D"#000000" = style=3D"font: 12.0px Helvetica; color: #000000"><b>Date: = </b></font><font face=3D"Helvetica" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: 12.0px = Helvetica">February 17, 2010 1:06:11 AM AST</font></div><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; "><font face=3D"Helvetica" size=3D"3" color=3D"#000000" = style=3D"font: 12.0px Helvetica; color: #000000"><b>To: </b></font><font = face=3D"Helvetica" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: 12.0px Helvetica"><a = href=3D"mailto:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca">naturens@chebucto.ns.ca</a></font>= </div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: = 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face=3D"Helvetica" size=3D"3" = color=3D"#000000" style=3D"font: 12.0px Helvetica; color: = #000000"><b>Subject: </b></font><font face=3D"Helvetica" size=3D"3" = style=3D"font: 12.0px Helvetica"><b>Re: [NatureNS] snow fleas (probably = Boreus, Mecoptera)</b></font></div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; = margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font = face=3D"Helvetica" size=3D"3" color=3D"#000000" style=3D"font: 12.0px = Helvetica; color: #000000"><b>Reply-To: </b></font><font = face=3D"Helvetica" size=3D"3" style=3D"font: 12.0px Helvetica"><a = href=3D"mailto:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca">naturens@chebucto.ns.ca</a></font>= </div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: = 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><br></div> <div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; ">Thanks to all respondents for the info, and I think = everybody is right on this</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; = margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">one in some = sense, where the colloquial name 'snowfleas' usually does refer = to</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: = 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Collembola, springtails. I should have used = 'snow mecopterans', Boreidae.</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; = margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: = 14px; "><br></div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; = margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">The confusion was generated by = my adoption of this casual terminology directly</div><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; ">from a paper in 2006 by John Edwards of University = of Washington in Seattle.</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; = margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">He mentioned = it in briefly describing some mecopterans he had encountered = on</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: = 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">snow in Europe, whose jumping prowess he found = to be independent of</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: = 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">temperature.<span = class=3D"Apple-converted-space"> </span>This is what interested = Malcolm Burrows, whose work recently has</div><div style=3D"margin-top: = 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">been = aimed at uncovering the mechanisms behind the jumps and other = rapid</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; = margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">movements of various insects and = crustaceans.<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space"> </span>The = Edwards specimens are</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: = 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">definitely Mecoptera, and = the only genus found in eastern N. America is Boreus</div><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; ">with 2 species (to see photo'd specimens, browse to = BugGuide.net and type</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: = 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">'Boreus' in the search box = -- you don't have to be a member).</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; = margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: = 14px; "><br></div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; = margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Briefly, none of these insects = can make the jumps that they perform by instant</div><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; ">application of muscle force (no muscle is that = powerful or fast enough to</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; = margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">accelerate = the load sufficiently). Instead they have to use their muscle = power</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; = margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">to slowly wind up tension in = some other structure, which stores this energy for</div><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; ">quick release on a trigger, like a crossbow.<span = class=3D"Apple-converted-space"> </span>It was thought that the = storage</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; = margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">structure was the almost perfect = natural rubber 'resilin', in true fleas for</div><div style=3D"margin-top:= 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; = ">instance.<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space"> </span>But what = came out of the work we did when Burrows was here last was</div><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; ">that this won't work either in the champion jumping = bug we looked at -- resilin</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; = margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">is simply not = stiff enough, according to our engineer colleague Greg Sutton.<span = class=3D"Apple-converted-space"> </span>It</div><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; ">appears that the energy is stored by bending a = composite internal material made</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; = margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">up of insect = cuticle (stiff enough) plus some resilin (shock absorber?) -- = we</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: = 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">compared this to Mongol composite archery bows = that very effectively used a</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; = margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">similar = principle, as a horn-wood-sinew glued triplex in that case.</div><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><br></div><div style=3D"margin-top: = 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">It is = likely that Malcolm Burrows will be here only up to early December.<span = class=3D"Apple-converted-space"> </span>Has</div><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; ">anyone encountered 'snow mecopterans' that early in = the winter in N.S?<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space"> = </span>Or, I</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; = margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">wonder if you can find their = immature stages?<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space"> </span>He = needs a few live ones to</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; = margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">photo their = take-offs with an ultra-high speed camera (I think it's capable = of</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: = 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">30,000 frames per second but he uses it only to = ~8000 fps).<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space"> </span>This = time</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; = margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">resolution is needed to work out = the initial acceleration accurately, to know</div><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; ">what you need to explain for the particular = insect.</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; = margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Steve</div><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><br></div><div style=3D"margin-top: = 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Quoting = Anne Mills <<a = href=3D"mailto:ocotillo@ns.sympatico.ca">ocotillo@ns.sympatico.ca</a>>:= </div> <blockquote type=3D"cite"><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; = margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">When I was = teaching Terrestrial Diversity in the Biology Department at Dal., I = always had a sample of the wingless insects on display in the lab for = the students. Andrew identified them correctly as Collembola but I will = add here that they are from one of 5 groups (orders) of "wingless = insects" (subclass Apterygota) that we studied. The Collembola are the = springtails or snowfleas that one sees on pond surfaces or streams at = this time of the year. I used to see them often at the Hd. of St. = Margaret's Bay up in the woods either on the trail or at the edge of the = stream running down the hill. They come in various colours - black, = rust, bright yellow and blue! although I have not seen the latter two = colours. If you find a largish cluster of them on the snow put your ear = to them and you'll hear little click clicks as they jump.</div><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><br></div><div style=3D"margin-top: = 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Anne = Mills</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; = margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><br></div><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><br></div><div style=3D"margin-top: = 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">----- = Original Message ----- From: "Joan Czapalay" <<a = href=3D"mailto:joancz@ns.sympatico.ca">joancz@ns.sympatico.ca</a>></div= ><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; ">To: <<a = href=3D"mailto:naturens@chebucto.ns.ca">naturens@chebucto.ns.ca</a>></d= iv><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; ">Sent: Tuesday, February 16, 2010 6:45 PM</div><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; ">Subject: Re: [NatureNS] snow fleas (probably Boreus, = Mecoptera)</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; = margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><br></div><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><br></div> <blockquote = type=3D"cite"><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; = margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">We used to see them a lot around = the shady side of the school in Port La Tour, Shel. Co.. I had someone = from DRN identify them as "snow fleas" for our outdoor nature class, but = don't remember the scientific name. Seems we always saw them on an = unusually mild day in Feb/early March. Cheers, Joan</div><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><br></div><div style=3D"margin-top: = 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Stephen = Shaw wrote:</div> <blockquote type=3D"cite"><div style=3D"margin-top: = 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Has = anyone into winter hiking come across these, snow fleas (Mecoptera = =3D</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; = margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">scorpionflies)?</div><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; ">They are expected to be black or brown, about 3 mm = long, flightless (vestigial</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; = margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">wings), come = out on to the snow surface in the day in winter, and can jump. They have = been photo'd from early December through mid February on</div><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; ">Bugguide.net, in places like New Hampshire and = Ontario.<span class=3D"Apple-converted-space"> </span>The species = featured</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; = margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">on Bugguide are mostly Boreus = brumalis and Boreus nivoriundus.</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; = margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: = 14px; "><br></div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; = margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">A colleague from Cambridge, = Malcolm Burrows, who visited here a couple of years</div><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; ">ago to work on jumping mecahnisms in true bugs, is = coming back again later this</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; = margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">year.<span = class=3D"Apple-converted-space"> </span>He is the expert on the = mechanics of insect jumps and has just asked me</div><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; ">if any species of Boreus is found here.<span = class=3D"Apple-converted-space"> </span>Has anyone seen any = jumping critter</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; = margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">like this somewhere in N.S., and = if so at what sort of date?</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; = margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; = ">Thanks,</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; = margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Steve</div><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><br></div><div style=3D"margin-top: = 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; = min-height: 14px; "><br></div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; = margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: = 14px; "><br></div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; = margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><br></div><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><br></div> </blockquote><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><br></div> </blockquote><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><br></div><div style=3D"margin-top: = 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; = min-height: 14px; "><br></div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; = margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: = 14px; "><br></div> </blockquote><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; = margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: = 14px; "><br></div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; = margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><br></div><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><br></div><div style=3D"margin-top: = 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">--<span = class=3D"Apple-converted-space"> </span></div><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; ">Stephen R. Shaw Ph.D.</div><div style=3D"margin-top: = 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Dept of = Psychology & Neuroscience</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; = margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Dalhousie = University</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; = margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">1355 Oxford Street</div><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; ">Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J1</div><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; ">e-mail: <a = href=3D"mailto:srshaw@dal.ca">srshaw@dal.ca</a></div><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; ">phone: 1-902-494-2886</div><div style=3D"margin-top: = 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">fax: = 1-902-494-6585</div><div style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; = margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><br></div><div = style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; = margin-left: 0px; min-height: 14px; "><br></div> = </blockquote></div><br></div></body></html>= --Boundary_(ID_O275CmtUfkrHEPnQV1IEXA)--
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